Description This coral is free living and strongly elongate. It is colonial, with numerous centres down a central furrow as well as...
Description This coral is free living and strongly elongate. It is colonial, with numerous centres down a central furrow as well as secondary centres down the sides of the corallum. The species reaches 45 cm long and about 10-15 cm wide. Septa very finely toothed. They are arched, and run from the central furrow to a secondary centre. The species is abundant and widespread in the Red Sea. It occurs in mid-depths, on coral rubble and hard substrates (Sheppard, 1998).
Colonies are elongate with rounded ends. Secondary centres are numerous. Few primary septa extend from the axial furrow to the perimeter. Some colonies develop forked axial furrows and become Y-,T-, or X-shaped. Colour: pale or dark brown or greenish-brown. Abundance: common on partly protected reef slopes where Fungia occur (Veron, 1986).
The largest of the fungiids, up to over 1 m in length (commonly 30-50 cm). Colonial, not solitary. Colonies are elongated, irregularly shaped with rounded ends. Colour: usually dark brown. Habitat: sheltered reefs (Richmond, 1997); sand (Kalk, 1959). [details]
Hoeksema, B. W.; Cairns, S. (2025). World List of Scleractinia. Herpolitha limax (Esper, 1792). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=207363 on 2025-07-18
original description(ofSandalolitha africana Veron, 2000)Veron JEN. (2000). Corals of the World. Vol. 1–3. <em>Australian Institute of Marine Science and CRR, Queensland, Australia.</em> [details]
original description(ofMadrepora limax Esper, 1792)Esper, E.J.C. (1788-1830). Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Farben erleuchtet nebst Beschreibungen. Raspischen Buchhandlung, Nuremberg. 3 vols text, 2 vols pls. , available online athttps://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.2885[details]
original description(ofFungia limacina Lamarck, 1801)Lamarck, J. B. (1801). Système des animaux sans vertèbres, ou tableau général des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux. <em>Published by the author and Deterville, Paris.</em> : viii + 432 pp., available online athttp://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14117719[details]
original description(ofFungia weberi Van der Horst, 1921)van der Horst, C.J. (1921). The Madreporaria of the Siboga expedition: 2. Madreporaria Fungida. Siboga-Expeditie: uitkomsten op zoölogisch, botanisch, oceanographisch en geologisch gebied verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-Indië 1899-1900 aan boord H.M. Siboga onder commando van Luitenant ter Zee 1e kl. G.F. Tydeman, XVIb. E.J. Brill: Leiden. 53-98, plates I-VI pp. (look up in IMIS) [details]
original description(ofMadrepora trilinguis Boddaert, 1768)Boddaert, P. 1768. Lyst der Plant-Dieren, p. (1-50) + 1-654, pls. 1-14. Van Paddenburg & Van Schoonhoven, Utrecht.[details]
original description(ofMadrepora talpa Houttuyn, 1772)Houttuyn, M. (1772). Natuurlyke historie of uitvoerige beschryving der dieren, planten en mineralen, volgens het samenstel van den heer Linnaeus met naauwkeurige afbeelingen. <em>F. Houttuyn, Amsterdam.</em> 1 (17) 1-6, 1-614.[details]
original description(ofHaliglossa interrupta Ehrenberg, 1834)Ehrenberg, C. G. (1834). Beiträge zur physiologischen Kenntniss der Corallenthiere im allgemeinen, und besonders des rothen Meeres, nebst einem Versuche zur physiologischen Systematik derselben. <em>Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin.</em> 1: 225-380., available online athttps://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29725862[details]
original description(ofHaliglossa foliosa Ehrenberg, 1834)Ehrenberg, C. G. (1834). Beiträge zur physiologischen Kenntniss der Corallenthiere im allgemeinen, und besonders des rothen Meeres, nebst einem Versuche zur physiologischen Systematik derselben. <em>Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin.</em> 1: 225-380., available online athttps://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29725862[details]
original description(ofHaliglossa stellaris Ehrenberg, 1834)Ehrenberg, C. G. (1834). Beiträge zur physiologischen Kenntniss der Corallenthiere im allgemeinen, und besonders des rothen Meeres, nebst einem Versuche zur physiologischen Systematik derselben. <em>Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin.</em> 1: 225-380., available online athttps://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29725862[details]
original description(ofFungia praecursor Umbgrove, 1946 †)Umbgrove JHF. (1946). Corals from a Lower Pliocene patch reef in Central Java. <em>Journal of Paleontology.</em> 20: 521-542.[details]
original description(ofHerpetoglossa secunda Nemenzo, 1988)Nemenzo F. (1988). Philippine stony corals V. Three new species from islets in Central Philippines. <em>The Philippine Journal of Science.</em> 117: 215-221.[details]
basis of recordHoeksema BW. (1989). Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae. <em>Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden.</em> 254: 1-295., available online athttp://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013[details]
Other
context source (Hexacorallia)Fautin, Daphne G. (2013). Hexacorallians of the World. (look up in IMIS) [details]
additional sourceGittenberger A, Reijnen BT, Hoeksema BW. (2011). A molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits. <em>Contributions to Zoology.</em> 80: 107-132., available online athttps://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08002002[details]
additional sourceBenzoni, F., Stefani, F., Stolarski, J., Pichon, M., Mitta, G., Galli, P. 2007. Debating phylogenetic relationships of the scleractinian Psammocora: molecular and morphological evidences. Contributions to Zoology 76: 35-54., available online athttps://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-07601004 page(s): 35, 37, 38, 39, 45, 46, fig. 6 [details] Available for editors [request]
additional sourceHoeksema, B.W., 1993. Mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) of Madang Lagoon, northern Papua New Guinea: an annotated checklist with the description of Cantharellus jebbi spec. nov. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden 67: 1-19., available online athttp://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/150656 page(s): 9, 16 [details]
additional sourceNemenzo, F. (1955). Systematic studies on Philippine shallow water scleractinians: I. Suborder Fungiida. <em>Natural and Applied Science Bulletin, University of the Philippines.</em> 15: 3-84. page(s): 6, 74-76, Plate XIV, fig. 3 [details]
additional sourcevan der Horst, C.J. (1921). The Madreporaria of the Siboga expedition: 2. Madreporaria Fungida. Siboga-Expeditie: uitkomsten op zoölogisch, botanisch, oceanographisch en geologisch gebied verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-Indië 1899-1900 aan boord H.M. Siboga onder commando van Luitenant ter Zee 1e kl. G.F. Tydeman, XVIb. E.J. Brill: Leiden. 53-98, plates I-VI pp. (look up in IMIS) page(s): 3, 15-16, 44, 45 [details]
additional sourceVeron JEN. (2000). Corals of the World. Vol. 1–3. <em>Australian Institute of Marine Science and CRR, Queensland, Australia.</em> [details]
additional sourceHoeksema, B.W. & Dai,C.F. 1991. Scleractinia of Taiwan. II Family Fungiidae (with the description of a new species). Bulletin Zoological Institute, Academia Sinica, Taipei 30: 201-226. page(s): 206, 222, 223, Fig. 78, 224 [details]
additional sourceYabe H, Sugiyama T. (1941). Recent reef-building corals from Japan and the South Sea Islands under the Japanese mandate. II. <em>The Science reports of the Tôhoku, Imperial University, Sendai, 2nd Series (Geologie).</em> Special Volume 2: 67-91, pls. 60-104. page(s): 80 [details]
additional sourceScheer G, Pillai CSG. (1974). Report on Scleractinia from the Nicobar Islands. <em>Zoologica, Stuttgart.</em> 42(122): 1-75. page(s): 8, 39, 74 [details]
additional sourceThiel, M.E. (1932). Madreporaria. Zugleich ein Versuch einer vergleichenden Oekologie der gefundenen Formen. Resultats scientifiques du Voyage aux Indes Orientales Neerlandaises. <em>Memoires du Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique.</em> 2(12): 1-177, pls. 1-21.[details] Available for editors [request]
additional sourceUmbgrove JHF. (1939). Madreporaria from the Bay of Batavia. <em>Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden.</em> 22: 1-64. page(s): 14, 18, 45 [details]
additional sourcePillai CSG, Scheer G (1976) Report on the stony corals from the Maldive Archipelago. Results of the Xarifa Expedition 1957/58. Zoologica, Stuttgart 43 (126): 1-83, pls. 1-32.[details]
additional sourceCrossland C (1952) Madreporaria, Hydrocorallinae, Heliopora and Tubipora. Scientific Report Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-29 VI(3): 85-257. page(s): 92 [details]
additional sourcePichon, M.; Benzoni, F. (2007). Taxonomic re-appraisal of zooxanthellate Scleractinian Corals in the Maldive Archipelago. <em>Zootaxa.</em> 1441: 21–33. page(s): 30 [details]
additional sourceFaustino LA. (1927). Recent Madreporaria of the Philippine Islands. <em>Bureau of Science Manila Monograph.</em> 22: 1-310, pls. 1-100. page(s): 16, 40, 195-196 [details]
additional sourceVeron JEN, Marsh LM. (1988). Hermatypic corals of Western Australia : records and annotated species list. <em>Records Western Australian Museum Supplement.</em> 29: 1-136., available online athttps://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.60555 page(s): 30, 85 [details]
additional sourcePillai CSG. (1972). Stony corals of the seas around India. <em>Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Corals and Coral Reefs, 1969. Marine Biological Association of India Symposium.</em> 5: 191-216. page(s): 203 [details]
additional sourceBoshoff, P.H. (1981). An annotated checklist of Southern Africa Scleractinia. <em>Oceanographic Research Institute Investigational Report, Durban.</em> 49: 1-45. page(s): 22 [details]
additional sourceRandall RH, Myers RF. (1983). The corals. Guide to the Coastal Resources of Guam: Vol. 2. <em>University of Guam Press, Guam, pp. 128.</em> [details]
additional sourceVeron, J. E. N. (2000). Corals of the World, Volume II: Families Astrocoeniidae, Pocilloporidae, Euphyllidae, Oculinidae, Meandrinidae, Siderastreidae, Agariciidae, Fungiidae, Rhizangiidae, Pectiniidae, Merulinidae, Dendrophylliidae, Caryophylliidae. Australian Institute of Marine Science. Townsville., volume 2, pp. 429. page(s): 292-293 [details]
additional sourceMaragos, J. E.; Molina, M.; Kenyon, J. (2004). Palmyra Atoll coral data compiled from Townsend Cromwell 2000-2002, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2000-2001, and Sette 2004 surveys [Table 8]. UNPUBLISHED, UNPUBLISHED[details]
additional sourceMaragos, J. E.; Schmerfeld, J. (2004). Coral survey from Howland Island National Wildlife Refuge, 1998-2004 [Table 3]. UNPUBLISHED, Unpublished page(s): 1 [details]
additional sourceMaragos, J. E. (2004). Baker Island coral data [Table unnumbered]. UNPUBLISHED, Unpublished page(s): 2 [details]
additional sourceWells JW. (1954). Recent corals of the Marshall Islands: Bikini and nearby atolls, part 2, oceanography (biologic). <em>U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper.</em> 260(I): 385-486. page(s): 393, 449, pl. 162 [details]
additional sourcePillai CSG. (1983). Structure and generic diversity of recent Scleractinia of India. <em>Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India.</em> 25, 1-2, 78-90. page(s): 86 [details]
additional sourceVeron, J. E. N.; Pichon, M. (1979). Scleractinia of Eastern Australia, part III: Families Agariciidae, Siderastreidae, Fungiidae, Oculinidae, Merulinidae, Mussidae, Pectiniidae, Caryophylliidae, Dendrophylliidae. Australian Government Publishing Service. Canberra., volume 4, pp. 422. page(s): 6, 176, 178-180, 182 [details]
additional sourceBoschma, H. (1929). The Fungidæ (Anthozoa) collected by Mr. Cyril Crossland at Tahiti and neighbouring islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 43-47 page(s): 46 [details]
additional sourceSheppard, C. R. C. (1985). Fringing reefs in the southern region, Jeddah to Jizan. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 7, 37-58 page(s): 46 [details]
additional sourceJeyabaskaran, R. (2009). New records of corals from Lakshadweep islands. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 109, 1, 53-64 page(s): 54, 59, Plate 3 Fig 12 [details]
additional sourceHoeksema, B. W.; Achituv, Y. (1993). First Indonesian record of Fungiacava eilatensis Goreau et al., 1968 (Bivalvia: Mytilidae), endosymbiont of Fungia spp. (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Basteria, 57(4-6): 131-138 page(s): 133 [details]
additional sourceKühlmann, D. H. H. (2006). Die Steinkorallensammlung im Naturhistorischen Museum in Rudolstadt (Thüringen) nebst ökologischen Bemerkungen. Rudolstädter Naturhistorische Schriften, 13, 37-113 page(s): 62, 83-84, 112 [details]
additional sourceVeron JEN. (1986). Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. <em>Angus & Robertson Publishers.</em> page(s): 348-349, 350, 351 [details]
additional sourceSheppard CRC. (1987). Coral species of the Indian Ocean and adjacent seas: a synonymised compilation and some regional distribution patterns. <em>Atoll Research Bulletin.</em> 307: 1-32., available online athttp:// https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00775630.307.1[details]
additional sourceCairns, S.D., B.W. Hoeksema & J. van der Land. (1999). Appendix: List of extant stony corals. <em>Atoll Research Bulletin.</em> 459: 13-46. page(s): 33 [details]
additional sourceRandall RH. (2003). An annotated checklist of hydrozoan and scleractinian corals collected from Guam and other Mariana Islands. <em>Micronesica.</em> 35-36: 121-137. page(s): 131 [details]
additional sourceLiu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. <em>China Science Press.</em> 1267 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors [request]
Present Present in aphia/obis/gbif/idigbio Inaccurate Introduced: alien Containing type locality
Description This coral is free living and strongly elongate. It is colonial, with numerous centres down a central furrow as well as secondary centres down the sides of the corallum. The species reaches 45 cm long and about 10-15 cm wide. Septa very finely toothed. They are arched, and run from the central furrow to a secondary centre. The species is abundant and widespread in the Red Sea. It occurs in mid-depths, on coral rubble and hard substrates (Sheppard, 1998).
Colonies are elongate with rounded ends. Secondary centres are numerous. Few primary septa extend from the axial furrow to the perimeter. Some colonies develop forked axial furrows and become Y-,T-, or X-shaped. Colour: pale or dark brown or greenish-brown. Abundance: common on partly protected reef slopes where Fungia occur (Veron, 1986).
The largest of the fungiids, up to over 1 m in length (commonly 30-50 cm). Colonial, not solitary. Colonies are elongated, irregularly shaped with rounded ends. Colour: usually dark brown. Habitat: sheltered reefs (Richmond, 1997); sand (Kalk, 1959). [details] Remark Authority given as (Esper) in Faure (1977 ). New combination in Sheppard (1998 <308>). Type locality: Unrecorded (Veron, 1986). Herpetholitha limax Esper. In Kalk (1959). [details]