WoRMS taxon details

Pholas Linnaeus, 1758

138343  (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:138343)

  1. Biota
  2. Animalia (Kingdom)
  3. Mollusca (Phylum)
  4. Bivalvia (Class)
  5. Autobranchia (Subclass)
  6. Heteroconchia (Infraclass)
  7. Euheterodonta (Subterclass)
  8. Imparidentia (Superorder)
  9. Myida (Order)
  10. Pholadoidea (Superfamily)
  11. Pholadidae (Family)
  12. Pholadinae (Subfamily)
  13. Pholas (Genus)
accepted
Genus
Dactylina J. E. Gray, 1847 · unaccepted > junior subjective synonym
Hypogaea Poli, 1791 · unaccepted
Pholas (Laphos) Sultanov, 1948 † · unaccepted > junior subjective synonym
Pholas (Monothyra) Tryon, 1862 · alternative representation
Pholas (Pholas) Linnaeus, 1758 · alternative representation
Pholas (Thovana) J. E. Gray, 1847 · alternative representation
Pragmopholas P. Fischer, 1887 · unaccepted (synonym)
Thovana J. E. Gray, 1847 · unaccepted > superseded rank

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  1. Species Pholas bissauensis Cosel & Haga, 2018
  2. Species Pholas campechiensis Gmelin, 1791
  3. Species Pholas chiloensis Molina, 1782
  4. Species Pholas dactylus Linnaeus, 1758
  5. Species Pholas orientalis Gmelin, 1791
  6. Species Pholas brevis G. B. Sowerby II, 1872 (uncertain > nomen dubium)
  7. Species Pholas cordata Gmelin, 1791 (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
  8. Species Pholas cornea G. B. Sowerby I, 1834 (uncertain > nomen dubium)
  9. Species Pholas erythraea G. B. Sowerby II, 1872 (uncertain > taxon inquirendum, use in recent liteature currently undocumented)
  10. Subgenus Pholas (Barnea) Risso, 1826 accepted as Barnea Risso, 1826 (unaccepted > superseded rank)
    1. Subgenus Pholas (Cyrtopleura) Tryon, 1862 accepted as Cyrtopleura Tryon, 1862 (unaccepted > superseded rank)
    2. Subgenus Pholas (Scobinopholas) U. S. Grant & Gale, 1931 accepted as Cyrtopleura (Scobinopholas) U. S. Grant & Gale, 1931 represented as Cyrtopleura Tryon, 1862
    3. Subgenus Pholas (Zirfaea) J. E. Gray, 1842 accepted as Zirfaea J. E. Gray, 1842 (unaccepted > superseded rank)
      1. Species Pholas (Zirfaea) crispatus (Linnaeus, 1758) accepted as Zirfaea crispata (Linnaeus, 1758) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
      2. Species Pholas (Zirfaea) gabbi (Tryon, 1863) accepted as Penitella gabbii (Tryon, 1863) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
    4. Species Pholas acuminata G. B. Sowerby I, 1834 accepted as Parapholas acuminata (G. B. Sowerby I, 1834) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
    5. Species Pholas alfredensis Bartsch, 1915 accepted as Barnea alfredensis (Bartsch, 1915) (original combination)
    6. Species Pholas antipodum R. A. Philippi, 1847 accepted as Barnea similis (J. E. Gray, 1835) (junior subjective synonym)
    7. Species Pholas atomus Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1827 accepted as Martesia striata (Linnaeus, 1758)
    8. Species Pholas australasiae G. B. Sowerby II, 1849 accepted as Barnea australasiae (G. B. Sowerby II, 1849) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
    9. Species Pholas bakeri S. P. Woodward, 1854 accepted as Barnea birmanica (R. A. Philippi, 1849)
    10. Species Pholas beauiana Récluz, 1853 accepted as Martesia striata (Linnaeus, 1758)
    11. Species Pholas bifrons da Costa, 1778 accepted as Zirfaea crispata (Linnaeus, 1758)
    12. Species Pholas birmanica R. A. Philippi, 1849 accepted as Barnea birmanica (R. A. Philippi, 1849) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
    13. Species Pholas branchiata A. A. Gould, 1845 accepted as Parapholas branchiata (A. A. Gould, 1845) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
    14. Species Pholas californica Conrad, 1837 accepted as Parapholas californica (Conrad, 1837) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
    15. Species Pholas callosa Lamarck, 1818 accepted as Pholas dactylus Linnaeus, 1758
    16. Species Pholas calva G. B. Sowerby I, 1834 accepted as Parapholas calva (G. B. Sowerby I, 1834) (original combination)
    17. Species Pholas candeana A. d'Orbigny, 1853 accepted as Pholas campechiensis Gmelin, 1791 (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
    18. Species Pholas candidus Linnaeus, 1758 accepted as Barnea candida (Linnaeus, 1758)
    19. Species Pholas caribaea A. d'Orbigny, 1846 accepted as Martesia cuneiformis (Say, 1822) (junior synonym)
    20. Species Pholas clausus Hanley, 1842 accepted as Talona explanata (L. Spengler, 1792)
    21. Species Pholas clavata Lamarck, 1818 accepted as Martesia striata (Linnaeus, 1758)
    22. Species Pholas concamerata Deshayes, 1839 accepted as Penitella penita (Conrad, 1837)
    23. Species Pholas conoides J. Parsons, 1766 accepted as Martesia striata (Linnaeus, 1758)
    24. Species Pholas constricta G. B. Sowerby II, 1849 accepted as Penitella gabbii (Tryon, 1863)
    25. Species Pholas corticaria G. B. Sowerby II, 1849 accepted as Martesia striata (Linnaeus, 1758)
    26. Species Pholas costata [sic] accepted as Pholas costatus Linnaeus, 1758 accepted as Cyrtopleura costata (Linnaeus, 1758) (unaccepted > incorrect grammatical agreement of specific epithet)
    27. Species Pholas costatus Linnaeus, 1758 accepted as Cyrtopleura costata (Linnaeus, 1758) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
    28. Species Pholas costulata Goodall, 1890 accepted as Barnea candida (Linnaeus, 1758)
    29. Species Pholas crenulatus L. Spengler, 1792 accepted as Barnea parva (Pennant, 1777)
    30. Species Pholas crispata (Linnaeus, 1758) accepted as Zirfaea crispata (Linnaeus, 1758) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
    31. Species Pholas crucifera auct. accepted as Cyrtopleura crucigera (G. B. Sowerby I, 1834) (misspelling)
    32. Species Pholas cruciger G. B. Sowerby I, 1834 accepted as Cyrtopleura crucigera (G. B. Sowerby I, 1834) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
    33. Species Pholas cuneiformis Say, 1822 accepted as Martesia cuneiformis (Say, 1822) (original combination)
    34. Species Pholas cupula Yokoyama, 1924 accepted as Martesia striata (Linnaeus, 1758)
    35. Species Pholas curta G. B. Sowerby I, 1834 accepted as Diplothyra curta (G. B. Sowerby I, 1834) (original combination)
    36. Species Pholas dactylina Locard, 1886 accepted as Pholas dactylus Linnaeus, 1758
    37. Species Pholas dactyloides Lamarck, 1818 accepted as Barnea parva (Pennant, 1777)
    38. Species Pholas darwinii G. B. Sowerby II, 1849 accepted as Netastoma darwinii (G. B. Sowerby II, 1849) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
    39. Species Pholas davidi Deshayes, 1874 accepted as Barnea davidi (Deshayes, 1874)
    40. Species Pholas decussata Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1827 accepted as Martesia striata (Linnaeus, 1758)
    41. Species Pholas dilatata Souleyet, 1843 accepted as Barnea dilatata (Souleyet, 1843)
    42. Species Pholas dilecta Pilsbry & H. N. Lowe, 1932 accepted as Pholas chiloensis Molina, 1782
    43. Species Pholas duboisi Locard, 1891 accepted as Barnea parva (Pennant, 1777)
    44. Species Pholas edwardsi Monterosato, 1878 accepted as Pholas dactylus Linnaeus, 1758
    45. Species Pholas edwardsii Tryon, 1862 accepted as Martesia cuneiformis (Say, 1822) (unaccepted > nomen nudum)
    46. Species Pholas explanata L. Spengler, 1792 accepted as Talona explanata (L. Spengler, 1792)
    47. Species Pholas faba Pulteney, 1799 accepted as Rocellaria dubia (Pennant, 1777)
    48. Species Pholas falcata G. B. Sowerby II, 1872 accepted as Martesia cuneiformis (Say, 1822) (invalid: junior homonym of Pholas falcata W. Wood, 1815)
    49. Species Pholas falcata W. Wood, 1815 accepted as Martesia striata (Linnaeus, 1758)
    50. Species Pholas fragilis G. B. Sowerby II, 1849 accepted as Barnea fragilis (G. B. Sowerby II, 1849)
    51. Species Pholas fragilis G. B. Sowerby II, 1849, sensu Smith, 1904 accepted as Barnea alfredensis (Bartsch, 1915) (misapplication)
    52. Species Pholas gibbosa A. d'Orbigny, 1846 accepted as Xylophaga globosa G. B. Sowerby I, 1835
    53. Species Pholas globulosa Quoy & Gaimard, 1835 accepted as Jouannetia globulosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1835)
    54. Species Pholas goodall Blainville, 1826 accepted as Pholadidea loscombiana W. Turton, 1819
    55. Species Pholas grayana G. B. Sowerby II, 1872 accepted as Diplothyra curta (G. B. Sowerby I, 1834)
    56. Species Pholas hians [Lightfoot], 1786 accepted as Pholas dactylus Linnaeus, 1758
    57. Species Pholas hians Gmelin, 1791 accepted as Lamychaena hians (Gmelin, 1791) (original combination)
    58. Species Pholas hornbeckii A. d'Orbigny, 1853 accepted as Martesia striata (Linnaeus, 1758)
    59. Species Pholas incei G. B. Sowerby II, 1872 accepted as Pholas incii G. B. Sowerby II, 1849 accepted as Parapholas quadrizonata (L. Spengler, 1792) (Error or emendation of Pholas incii)
    60. Species Pholas incii G. B. Sowerby II, 1849 accepted as Parapholas quadrizonata (L. Spengler, 1792)
    61. Species Pholas janellii Deshayes, 1839 accepted as Parapholas californica (Conrad, 1837) (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
    62. Species Pholas jordani van Hoepen, 1941 accepted as Pholas dactylus Linnaeus, 1758
    63. Species Pholas jouanneti Deshayes, 1839 accepted as Jouannetia semicaudata Des Moulins, 1828 (unaccepted > junior objective synonym)
    64. Species Pholas krebsi Krebs, 1864 accepted as Martesia cuneiformis (Say, 1822)
    65. Species Pholas lamellata W. Turton, 1822 accepted as Pholadidea loscombiana W. Turton, 1819
    66. Species Pholas lamellosa A. d'Orbigny, 1841 accepted as Barnea lamellosa (A. d'Orbigny, 1841)
    67. Species Pholas lanceolata A. d'Orbigny, 1841 accepted as Cyrtopleura lanceolata (A. d'Orbigny, 1841) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
    68. Species Pholas laqueata G. B. Sowerby II, 1849 accepted as Pholas chiloensis Molina, 1782
    69. Species Pholas latissima G. B. Sowerby II, 1849 accepted as Barnea dilatata (Souleyet, 1843)
    70. Species Pholas ligamentina Deshayes, 1839 accepted as Barnea parva (Pennant, 1777)
    71. Species Pholas ligniperda G. B. Sowerby II, 1872 accepted as Martesia multistriata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1849)
    72. Species Pholas lignorum L. Spengler, 1779 accepted as Martesia striata (Linnaeus, 1758)
    73. Species Pholas macrostoma R. A. Philippi, 1858 accepted as Netastoma darwinii (G. B. Sowerby II, 1849)
    74. Species Pholas manilensis R. A. Philippi, 1847 accepted as Barnea manilensis (R. A. Philippi, 1847) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
    75. Species Pholas manillae G. B. Sowerby II, 1849 accepted as Barnea manilensis (R. A. Philippi, 1847)
    76. Species Pholas marmoratus Perry, 1811 accepted as Pholas dactylus Linnaeus, 1758
    77. Species Pholas melanura G. B. Sowerby I, 1834 accepted as Pholadidea melanura (G. B. Sowerby I, 1834) (original combination)
    78. Species Pholas multistriata G. B. Sowerby II, 1849 accepted as Martesia multistriata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1849)
    79. Species Pholas muricatus da Costa, 1778 accepted as Pholas dactylus Linnaeus, 1758
    80. Species Pholas mytiloides Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1827 accepted as Pholas dactylus Linnaeus, 1758
    81. Species Pholas nanus Pulteney, 1799 accepted as Martesia striata (Linnaeus, 1758)
    82. Species Pholas oblongata Say, 1822 accepted as Pholas campechiensis Gmelin, 1791
    83. Species Pholas obtecta G. B. Sowerby II, 1849 accepted as Aspidopholas tubigera (Valenciennes, 1846)
    84. Species Pholas obturamentum Hedley, 1893 accepted as Barnea obturamentum (Hedley, 1893) (superceded combination)
    85. Species Pholas ovata G. B. Sowerby II, 1849 accepted as Aspidopholas ovum (W. Wood, 1828)
    86. Species Pholas ovoidea A. A. Gould, 1851 accepted as Chaceia ovoidea (A. A. Gould, 1851) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
    87. Species Pholas ovum W. Wood, 1828 accepted as Aspidopholas ovum (W. Wood, 1828)
    88. Species Pholas pacifica Stearns, 1871 accepted as Barnea subtruncata (G. B. Sowerby I, 1834) (junior synonym)
    89. Species Pholas papyracea W. Turton, 1822 accepted as Pholadidea loscombiana W. Turton, 1819
    90. Species Pholas papyraceus L. Spengler, 1792 accepted as Barnea candida (Linnaeus, 1758)
    91. Species Pholas papyraceus [Lightfoot], 1786 accepted as Pholadidea loscombiana W. Turton, 1819
    92. Species Pholas parva Pennant, 1777 accepted as Barnea parva (Pennant, 1777)
    93. Species Pholas patula A. A. Gould, 1850 accepted as Barnea dilatata (Souleyet, 1843) (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
    94. Species Pholas penita Conrad, 1837 accepted as Penitella penita (Conrad, 1837) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
    95. Species Pholas piriformis (Dunker, 1882) accepted as Parapholas quadrizonata (L. Spengler, 1792) (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
    96. Species Pholas pusillus Linnaeus, 1758 accepted as Martesia striata (Linnaeus, 1758) (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
    97. Species Pholas quadra G. B. Sowerby I, 1834 accepted as Pholadidea quadra (G. B. Sowerby I, 1834) (original combination)
    98. Species Pholas quadrizonalis G. B. Sowerby II, 1849 accepted as Parapholas quadrizonata (L. Spengler, 1792)
    99. Species Pholas quadrizonatus L. Spengler, 1792 accepted as Parapholas quadrizonata (L. Spengler, 1792)
    100. Species Pholas retifer Mörch, 1861 accepted as Pholas chiloensis Molina, 1782
    101. Species Pholas rivicola G. B. Sowerby II, 1849 (unaccepted)
    102. Species Pholas rosea C. B. Adams, 1850 (unaccepted)
    103. Species Pholas rostrata Valenciennes, 1846 (unaccepted)
    104. Species Pholas rudis Tryon, 1862 (unaccepted > nomen nudum)
    105. Species Pholas semicostata H. C. Lea, 1844 (unaccepted, basionym)
    106. Species Pholas siamensis L. Spengler, 1792 (unaccepted)
    107. Species Pholas silicula Lamarck, 1818 (unaccepted)
    108. Species Pholas similis J. E. Gray, 1835 (unaccepted > superseded combination)
    109. Species Pholas spathulata Deshayes, 1843 (unaccepted)
    110. Species Pholas spathulata G. B. Sowerby II, 1849 (unaccepted > junior homonym, not Pholas spathulata Deshayes, 1843)
    111. Species Pholas striata Blainville, 1825 (unaccepted)
    112. Species Pholas striatus Linnaeus, 1758 (unaccepted, original combination)
    113. Species Pholas subconstricta Yokoyama, 1924 (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
    114. Species Pholas subtruncata G. B. Sowerby I, 1834 (unaccepted, original combination)
    115. Species Pholas sulcata T. Brown, 1827 (unaccepted)
    116. Species Pholas suteri (E. Lamy, 1926) (unaccepted, superseded combination)
    117. Species Pholas tenuistriata Blainville, 1826 (unaccepted)
    118. Species Pholas teredinaeformis G. B. Sowerby II, 1849 (unaccepted)
    119. Species Pholas teredo O. F. Müller, 1776 (unaccepted, synonym)
    120. Species Pholas truncata Say, 1822 (unaccepted, original combination)
    121. Species Pholas tuberculata W. Turton, 1822 (unaccepted)
    122. Species Pholas tubifera G. B. Sowerby I, 1834 (unaccepted, original combination)
    123. Species Pholas ventricosa Anton, 1838 (unaccepted)
    124. Species Pholas vibonensis R. A. Philippi, 1844 (unaccepted)
    125. Species Pholas xilophaga Deshayes, 1835 (unaccepted)
    126. Species Pholas xylophaga Deshayes, 1839 (unaccepted > junior objective synonym)
    127. Subgenus Pholas (Thovana) J. E. Gray, 1847 (alternative representation)
      1. Species Pholas (Thovana) bissauensis Cosel & Haga, 2018 represented as Pholas bissauensis Cosel & Haga, 2018
      2. Species Pholas (Thovana) campechiensis Gmelin, 1791 represented as Pholas campechiensis Gmelin, 1791
      3. Species Pholas (Thovana) chiloensis Molina, 1782 represented as Pholas chiloensis Molina, 1782
    marine
    Linnaeus, C. (1758). <i>Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</i>. Laurentii Salvii. Holmiae [Stockholm]. [iii] + 824 pp. , available online at https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726886
    page(s): 669 [details] Available for editors  PDF available [request]
    MolluscaBase eds. (2026). MolluscaBase. Pholas Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138343 on 2026-05-24
    Date
    action
    by
    2004-12-21 15:54:05Z
    created
    Gofas, Serge
    2010-07-10 09:41:30Z
    changed
    Gofas, Serge
    2013-01-14 21:56:30Z
    changed
    Bouchet, Philippe

    Creative Commons License The webpage text is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License


    Nomenclature

    original description Linnaeus, C. (1758). <i>Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</i>. Laurentii Salvii. Holmiae [Stockholm]. [iii] + 824 pp. , available online at https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726886
    page(s): 669 [details] Available for editors  PDF available [request]

    original description (of Hypogaea Poli, 1791) Poli J.X. (1791). <i>Testacea utriusque Siciliae eorumque historia et anatome tabulis aeneis illustrata.</i> Ex Regio Typographeio, Parmae. Vol. 1: pp. i-lxxiii, [1-6], i-x, 1-90, 1-50, [1], 1-74, pls 1-18. , available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44019471
    page(s): introduction, p. 29 [details] 

    original description (of Pholas (Laphos) Sultanov, 1948 †) Sultanov K.M. (1948). О новом подроде Laphos рода Pholas из сарматских отложений Талыша [= On a new subgenus, Laphos, of the genus Pholas, from Sarmatian deposits of Talysh]. <em>Doklady Akademii nauk AzSSR.</em> 4(6).
    page(s): 239 [details] Available for editors  PDF available [request]

    original description (of Thovana J. E. Gray, 1847) Gray, J. E. (1847). A list of the genera of recent Mollusca, their synonyms and types. <em>Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.</em> (1847) 15: 129-219. [November 1847]., available online at http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12862913
    page(s): 187 [details] 

    original description (of Dactylina J. E. Gray, 1847) Gray, J. E. (1847). A list of the genera of recent Mollusca, their synonyms and types. <em>Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.</em> (1847) 15: 129-219. [November 1847]., available online at http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12862913
    page(s): 187 [details] 

    basis of record Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca. in: Costello, M.J. et al. (eds), European Register of Marine Species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. <em>Patrimoines Naturels.</em> 50: 180-213., available online at http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/ocrd/254404.pdf [details] 

    Taxonomy

    redescription Coan, E. V.; Valentich-Scott, P. (2012). Bivalve seashells of tropical West America. Marine bivalve mollusks from Baja California to northern Peru. 2 vols, 1258 pp. [details] 

    Other

    context source (PeRMS) Paredes, C.; Cardoso, F.; Santamaría, J.; Esplana, J.; Llaja, L. (2016). Lista anotada de los bivalvos marinos del Perú. <em>Revista peruana de biología.</em> 23(2), 127-150., available online at http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1727-99332016000200006 [details] 

    		 
     Present  Inaccurate  Introduced: alien  Containing type locality 
    From editor or global species database
    Grammatical gender treated as masculine by Linnaeus but as feminine by most subsequent authors; grom greek φωλάς, "lurking in a hole"  [details]
        Definitions

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    To European Nucleotide Archive, ENA (Dactylina) (from synonym Dactylina J. E. Gray, 1847)
    To European Nucleotide Archive, ENA (Pholas) 
    To Genbank (from synonym Dactylina J. E. Gray, 1847)
    To Genbank 
    To ITIS

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