WoRMS taxon details
Cycloseris fragilis (Alcock, 1893)
716448 (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:716448)
accepted
Species
Cycloseris decipiens Martin, 1880 † (uncertain status)
Cycloseris patelliformis (Boschma, 1923) (synonym)
Diaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893 (original combination, basionym)
Fungia (Cycloseris) fragilis (Alcock, 1893) (previous combination)
Fungia (Cycloseris) patella Ellis & Solander, 1786 (misidentification by Gerth (1921))
Fungia fragilis (Alcock, 1893) (previous combination)
Fungia laciniosa Boschma, 1925 (synonym)
Fungia patelliformis Boschma, 1923 (synonym)
marine, brackish, fresh, terrestrial
Alcock, A. 1893. On some newly-recorded corals from the Indian Seas. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Natural History) 62: 138-149, pl. 5. [details]
(ofFungia fragilis (Alcock, 1893)) Alcock, A. 1893. On some newly-recorded corals from the Indian Seas. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Natural History) 62: 138-149, pl. 5. [details]
(ofDiaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893) Alcock, A. 1893. On some newly-recorded corals from the Indian Seas. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Natural History) 62: 138-149, pl. 5. [details]
(ofFungia (Cycloseris) fragilis (Alcock, 1893)) Alcock, A. 1893. On some newly-recorded corals from the Indian Seas. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Natural History) 62: 138-149, pl. 5. [details]
(ofFungia fragilis (Alcock, 1893)) Alcock, A. 1893. On some newly-recorded corals from the Indian Seas. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Natural History) 62: 138-149, pl. 5. [details]
(ofDiaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893) Alcock, A. 1893. On some newly-recorded corals from the Indian Seas. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Natural History) 62: 138-149, pl. 5. [details]
(ofFungia (Cycloseris) fragilis (Alcock, 1893)) Alcock, A. 1893. On some newly-recorded corals from the Indian Seas. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Natural History) 62: 138-149, pl. 5. [details]
Note Andaman Sea
From editor or global species database
Type locality Andaman Sea [details]
Hoeksema, B.; Cairns, S. (2018). World List of Scleractinia. Cycloseris fragilis (Alcock, 1893). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=716448 on 2018-04-26
Date
action
by
The webpage text is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License
original description
Alcock, A. 1893. On some newly-recorded corals from the Indian Seas. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Natural History) 62: 138-149, pl. 5. [details]
original description (ofFungia patelliformis Boschma, 1923) Boschma, H. 1923. The Madreporaria of the Siboga Expedition IV. Fungia patella. Siboga-Expedition XVId: 129-148, pls. 9-10. Brill, Leiden. [details]
original description (ofFungia fragilis (Alcock, 1893)) Alcock, A. 1893. On some newly-recorded corals from the Indian Seas. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Natural History) 62: 138-149, pl. 5. [details]
original description (ofCycloseris patelliformis (Boschma, 1923)) Boschma, H. 1923. The Madreporaria of the Siboga Expedition IV. Fungia patella. Siboga-Expedition XVId: 129-148, pls. 9-10. Brill, Leiden. [details]
original description (ofDiaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893) Alcock, A. 1893. On some newly-recorded corals from the Indian Seas. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Natural History) 62: 138-149, pl. 5. [details]
original description (ofFungia laciniosa Boschma, 1925) Boschma, H. 1925. Madreporaria I. Fungiidae. Papers from Dr. Mortensen‘s Pacific Expedition 1914–16. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, Kobenhaven 79: 185–259, pls. 5–11. [details]
original description (ofFungia (Cycloseris) fragilis (Alcock, 1893)) Alcock, A. 1893. On some newly-recorded corals from the Indian Seas. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Natural History) 62: 138-149, pl. 5. [details]
original description (ofFungia patella f. hemispherica Gerth, 1921 †) Gerth, H. 1921. Coelenterata. Anthozoa. In K. Martin (ed.): Die Fossilien von Java auf Grund einer Sammlung von Dr. R.D.M. Verbeek und von Anderen. Sammlungen des Geologischen Reichs-Museums in Leiden I (2): 387-445, pls. 55-57. [details]
original description (ofFungia (Cycloseris) patella f. hemispherica Gerth, 1921 †) Gerth, H. 1921. Coelenterata. Anthozoa. In K. Martin (ed.): Die Fossilien von Java auf Grund einer Sammlung von Dr. R.D.M. Verbeek und von Anderen. Sammlungen des Geologischen Reichs-Museums in Leiden I (2): 387-445, pls. 55-57. [details]
original description (ofCycloseris decipiens Martin, 1880 †) Martin, K. 1880. Die Tertiarschichten auf Java. Nach den Entdeckungen von Fr. Junghuhn, p. 1-164, pls. 1-26. Brill, Leiden. [details]
original description (ofFungia (Cycloseris) patella Ellis & Solander, 1786) Ellis, J.; Solander, D. (1786). The Natural History of many curious and uncommon Zoophytes, collected from various parts of the Globe. Systematically arranged and described by the late Daniel Solander. 4.(Benjamin White & Son: London): 1-206, pls 1-63., available online at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/131537#page/11/mode/1up [details]
basis of record Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
additional source Gittenberger, A., Reijnen, B.T. & Hoeksema, B.W. 2011. A molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits. Contributions to Zoology 80: 107-132. , available online at http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/cgi/t/text/get-pdf?c=ctz;idno=8002a02 [details]
basis of record (ofCycloseris patelliformis (Boschma, 1923)) Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
additional source (ofCycloseris patelliformis (Boschma, 1923)) Veron JEN. (2000). Corals of the World. Vol. 1–3. Australian Institute of Marine Science and CRR, Queensland, Australia. [details]
basis of record (ofFungia laciniosa Boschma, 1925) Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
basis of record (ofFungia patelliformis Boschma, 1923) Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
additional source (ofFungia fragilis (Alcock, 1893)) Liu J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. China Science Press. 1267 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors
[request]
basis of record (ofFungia fragilis (Alcock, 1893)) Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
additional source (ofFungia fragilis (Alcock, 1893)) Gittenberger, A., Reijnen, B.T. & Hoeksema, B.W. 2011. A molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits. Contributions to Zoology 80: 107-132. , available online at http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/cgi/t/text/get-pdf?c=ctz;idno=8002a02 [details]
basis of record (ofDiaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893) Veron, J.E.N. (1986). Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. Angus & Robertson Publishers, London. [details]
additional source (ofDiaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893) Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
additional source (ofDiaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893) Veron, J.E.N., Pichon, M. (1980). Scleractinia of Eastern Australia – Part III. Family Agariciidae, Siderastreidae, Fungiidae, Oculinidae, Merulinidae, Mussidae, Pectinidae, Caryophyllidae, Dendrophylliidae. Australian Institute of Marine Science Monograph Series. 4: 1-459. [details]
additional source (ofDiaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893) Veron JEN. (2000). Corals of the World. Vol. 1–3. Australian Institute of Marine Science and CRR, Queensland, Australia. [details]
basis of record (ofFungia (Cycloseris) patella Ellis & Solander, 1786) Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
basis of record (ofFungia (Cycloseris) patella f. hemispherica Gerth, 1921 †) Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
basis of record (ofFungia patella f. hemispherica Gerth, 1921 †) Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
new combination reference (ofFungia (Cycloseris) patella Ellis & Solander, 1786) Gravier, C. (1911). Les récifs de coraux et les Madréporaires de la baie de Tadjourah (Golfe d'Aden). Annales de l'Institut Océanographique de Monaco. 2(3), 1-101, pls 1-12. [details]
basis of record (ofCycloseris decipiens Martin, 1880 †) Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
basis of record (ofFungia (Cycloseris) fragilis (Alcock, 1893)) Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
additional source (ofFungia (Cycloseris) fragilis (Alcock, 1893)) Gittenberger, A., Reijnen, B.T. & Hoeksema, B.W. 2011. A molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits. Contributions to Zoology 80: 107-132. , available online at http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/cgi/t/text/get-pdf?c=ctz;idno=8002a02 [details]
original description (ofFungia patelliformis Boschma, 1923) Boschma, H. 1923. The Madreporaria of the Siboga Expedition IV. Fungia patella. Siboga-Expedition XVId: 129-148, pls. 9-10. Brill, Leiden. [details]
original description (ofFungia fragilis (Alcock, 1893)) Alcock, A. 1893. On some newly-recorded corals from the Indian Seas. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Natural History) 62: 138-149, pl. 5. [details]
original description (ofCycloseris patelliformis (Boschma, 1923)) Boschma, H. 1923. The Madreporaria of the Siboga Expedition IV. Fungia patella. Siboga-Expedition XVId: 129-148, pls. 9-10. Brill, Leiden. [details]
original description (ofDiaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893) Alcock, A. 1893. On some newly-recorded corals from the Indian Seas. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Natural History) 62: 138-149, pl. 5. [details]
original description (ofFungia laciniosa Boschma, 1925) Boschma, H. 1925. Madreporaria I. Fungiidae. Papers from Dr. Mortensen‘s Pacific Expedition 1914–16. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, Kobenhaven 79: 185–259, pls. 5–11. [details]
original description (ofFungia (Cycloseris) fragilis (Alcock, 1893)) Alcock, A. 1893. On some newly-recorded corals from the Indian Seas. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Natural History) 62: 138-149, pl. 5. [details]
original description (ofFungia patella f. hemispherica Gerth, 1921 †) Gerth, H. 1921. Coelenterata. Anthozoa. In K. Martin (ed.): Die Fossilien von Java auf Grund einer Sammlung von Dr. R.D.M. Verbeek und von Anderen. Sammlungen des Geologischen Reichs-Museums in Leiden I (2): 387-445, pls. 55-57. [details]
original description (ofFungia (Cycloseris) patella f. hemispherica Gerth, 1921 †) Gerth, H. 1921. Coelenterata. Anthozoa. In K. Martin (ed.): Die Fossilien von Java auf Grund einer Sammlung von Dr. R.D.M. Verbeek und von Anderen. Sammlungen des Geologischen Reichs-Museums in Leiden I (2): 387-445, pls. 55-57. [details]
original description (ofCycloseris decipiens Martin, 1880 †) Martin, K. 1880. Die Tertiarschichten auf Java. Nach den Entdeckungen von Fr. Junghuhn, p. 1-164, pls. 1-26. Brill, Leiden. [details]
original description (ofFungia (Cycloseris) patella Ellis & Solander, 1786) Ellis, J.; Solander, D. (1786). The Natural History of many curious and uncommon Zoophytes, collected from various parts of the Globe. Systematically arranged and described by the late Daniel Solander. 4.(Benjamin White & Son: London): 1-206, pls 1-63., available online at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/131537#page/11/mode/1up [details]
basis of record Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
additional source Gittenberger, A., Reijnen, B.T. & Hoeksema, B.W. 2011. A molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits. Contributions to Zoology 80: 107-132. , available online at http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/cgi/t/text/get-pdf?c=ctz;idno=8002a02 [details]
basis of record (ofCycloseris patelliformis (Boschma, 1923)) Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
additional source (ofCycloseris patelliformis (Boschma, 1923)) Veron JEN. (2000). Corals of the World. Vol. 1–3. Australian Institute of Marine Science and CRR, Queensland, Australia. [details]
basis of record (ofFungia laciniosa Boschma, 1925) Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
basis of record (ofFungia patelliformis Boschma, 1923) Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
additional source (ofFungia fragilis (Alcock, 1893)) Liu J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. China Science Press. 1267 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors
[request] basis of record (ofFungia fragilis (Alcock, 1893)) Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
additional source (ofFungia fragilis (Alcock, 1893)) Gittenberger, A., Reijnen, B.T. & Hoeksema, B.W. 2011. A molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits. Contributions to Zoology 80: 107-132. , available online at http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/cgi/t/text/get-pdf?c=ctz;idno=8002a02 [details]
basis of record (ofDiaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893) Veron, J.E.N. (1986). Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. Angus & Robertson Publishers, London. [details]
additional source (ofDiaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893) Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
additional source (ofDiaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893) Veron, J.E.N., Pichon, M. (1980). Scleractinia of Eastern Australia – Part III. Family Agariciidae, Siderastreidae, Fungiidae, Oculinidae, Merulinidae, Mussidae, Pectinidae, Caryophyllidae, Dendrophylliidae. Australian Institute of Marine Science Monograph Series. 4: 1-459. [details]
additional source (ofDiaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893) Veron JEN. (2000). Corals of the World. Vol. 1–3. Australian Institute of Marine Science and CRR, Queensland, Australia. [details]
basis of record (ofFungia (Cycloseris) patella Ellis & Solander, 1786) Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
basis of record (ofFungia (Cycloseris) patella f. hemispherica Gerth, 1921 †) Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
basis of record (ofFungia patella f. hemispherica Gerth, 1921 †) Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
new combination reference (ofFungia (Cycloseris) patella Ellis & Solander, 1786) Gravier, C. (1911). Les récifs de coraux et les Madréporaires de la baie de Tadjourah (Golfe d'Aden). Annales de l'Institut Océanographique de Monaco. 2(3), 1-101, pls 1-12. [details]
basis of record (ofCycloseris decipiens Martin, 1880 †) Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
basis of record (ofFungia (Cycloseris) fragilis (Alcock, 1893)) Hoeksema, B.W., 1989. Taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 254: 1-295., available online at http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149013 [details]
additional source (ofFungia (Cycloseris) fragilis (Alcock, 1893)) Gittenberger, A., Reijnen, B.T. & Hoeksema, B.W. 2011. A molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits. Contributions to Zoology 80: 107-132. , available online at http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/cgi/t/text/get-pdf?c=ctz;idno=8002a02 [details]
Present Inaccurate Introduced: alien
From editor or global species database
Biology zooxanthellate [details]Type locality Andaman Sea [details]
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (15 publications) (from synonym Fungia fragilis (Alcock, 1893))
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (2 publications) (from synonym Fungia laciniosa Boschma, 1925)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (20 publications) (from synonym Diaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (3 publications) (from synonym Fungia patelliformis Boschma, 1923)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (3 publications) (from synonym Cycloseris decipiens Martin, 1880 †)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (38 publications)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (9 publications) (from synonym Cycloseris patelliformis (Boschma, 1923))
To Biological Information System for Marine Life (BISMaL) (from synonym Fungia fragilis (Alcock, 1893))
To Biological Information System for Marine Life (BISMaL) (from synonym Diaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893)
To Biological Information System for Marine Life (BISMaL)
To Biological Information System for Marine Life (BISMaL) (from synonym Fungia (Cycloseris) fragilis (Alcock, 1893))
To Encyclopedia of Life
To Encyclopedia of Life (from synonym Cycloseris patelliformis (Boschma, 1923))
To Encyclopedia of Life (from synonym Fungia fragilis (Alcock, 1893))
To Encyclopedia of Life (from synonym Diaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893)
To GenBank (3 nucleotides; 2 proteins)
To IUCN Red List (from synonym Fungia fragilis (Alcock, 1893))
To USNM Invertebrate Zoology Cnidaria Collection (242 records) (from synonym Fungia fragilis (Alcock, 1893))
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (2 publications) (from synonym Fungia laciniosa Boschma, 1925)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (20 publications) (from synonym Diaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (3 publications) (from synonym Fungia patelliformis Boschma, 1923)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (3 publications) (from synonym Cycloseris decipiens Martin, 1880 †)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (38 publications)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (9 publications) (from synonym Cycloseris patelliformis (Boschma, 1923))
To Biological Information System for Marine Life (BISMaL) (from synonym Fungia fragilis (Alcock, 1893))
To Biological Information System for Marine Life (BISMaL) (from synonym Diaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893)
To Biological Information System for Marine Life (BISMaL)
To Biological Information System for Marine Life (BISMaL) (from synonym Fungia (Cycloseris) fragilis (Alcock, 1893))
To Encyclopedia of Life
To Encyclopedia of Life (from synonym Cycloseris patelliformis (Boschma, 1923))
To Encyclopedia of Life (from synonym Fungia fragilis (Alcock, 1893))
To Encyclopedia of Life (from synonym Diaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893)
To GenBank (3 nucleotides; 2 proteins)
To IUCN Red List (from synonym Fungia fragilis (Alcock, 1893))
To USNM Invertebrate Zoology Cnidaria Collection (242 records) (from synonym Fungia fragilis (Alcock, 1893))