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Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758 
AphiaID: 137119

Classification: Biota > Animalia (Kingdom) > Chordata (Phylum) > Vertebrata (Subphylum) > Gnathostomata (Superclass) > Tetrapoda (Superclass) > Mammalia (Class) > Theria (Subclass) > Cetartiodactyla (Order) > Cetancodonta (Suborder) > Cetacea (Infraorder) > Odontoceti (Superfamily) > Physeteridae (Family) > Physeter (Genus)
Status accepted
Record
status
 Checked by Taxonomic Editor
Rank Species
Parent Physeter Linnaeus, 1758
Synonymised
taxa
  Catodon (Meganeuron) krefftii Gray, 1865 (synonym)
Catodon australis Wall, 1851 (synonym)
Catodon colneti Gray, 1850 (synonym)
Catodon macrocephalus Lacépède, 1804 (synonym)
Cetus cylindricus Billberg, 1828 (synonym)
Delphinus bayeri Risso, 1826 (synonym)
Phiseter cylindricus Bonnaterre, 1789 (synonym)
Phiseter mular Bonnaterre, 1789 (synonym)
Phiseter trumpo Bonnaterre, 1789 (synonym)
Physalus cylindricus Lacépède, 1804 (synonym)
Physeter andersonii Borowski, 1780 (synonym)
Physeter australasiensis Desmoulins, 1822 (synonym)
Physeter australis Gray, 1846 (synonym)
Physeter catodon Linnaeus, 1758 (synonym)
Physeter maximus G. Cuvier, 1798 (synonym)
Physeter microps Linnaeus, 1758 (synonym)
Physeter microps rectidentatus Kerr, 1792 (synonym)
Physeter novaeangliae Borowski, 1780 (synonym)
Physeter orthodon Lacépède, 1804 (synonym)
Physeter tursio Linnaeus, 1758 (synonym)
Physeterus sulcatus Lacépède, 1818 (synonym)
Tursio vulgaris Fleming, 1822 (synonym)
Sources  original description: Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae. ii, 824 pp., available online at http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=265100
page(s): 76 [details]


basis of record: van der Land, J. (2001). Tetrapoda, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 375-376 (look up in IMIS[details]

additional source: Mead, J. G. and R. L. Brownell, Jr. (2005). Cetacea. Pages 723--743 in Wilson, D.E. & D.M. Reeder (eds). Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp., available online at http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/ [details]

additional source: Rice, D. W. 1998. Marine mammals of the world. Systematics and distribution. Society for Marine Mammalogy Special Publication 4. [details]

additional source: Hershkovitz, P. (1966). Catalog of living whales. U.S. National Museum Bulletin 246:1--259. [details]

additional source: Jefferson, T. A., M. A. Webber and R. L. Pitman. (2008). Marine mammals of the world. Academic Press, Amsterdam. [details]

additional source: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, available online at http://www.iucnredlist.org [details]

additional source: Perrin, W. F., B. Würsig and J. G. M. Thewissen. (2009). Encyclopedia of marine mammals. Academic Press, Amsterdam. [details]

additional source: King, C. (2009). Terrestrial mammals (Chordata). In: Gordon, D. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume One: Kingdom Animalia. 584 pp [details]

additional source: Schmidly, D. J. and B. Würsig. 2009. Mammals (Vertebrata: Mammalia) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 1343–1352 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas. [details]

additional source: ITIS database, available online at http://www.itis.gov
page(s): 76 [details]


from synonym: University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Animal Diversity Web., available online at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/index.html [details] [view taxon]

from synonym: Schevill, W.E. (1986). The International Code of zoological nomenclature and a paradigm: the name Physeter catodon Linnaeus 1758. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 2(2): 153-157 (look up in IMIS[details] [view taxon]

context source (Deepsea): Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO. The Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS), available online at http://www.iobis.org/ [details]

Vernacular
Names
 
Language   Name 
Afrikaans potvis  [details]
Albanian kashalot  [details]
Albanian kashaloti (from synonym)  [details]
Aleut adagig  [details]
Aleut aggadakhgik  [details]
Arabic anbar  [details]
Catalan catxalot  [details]
Croatian ulješura  [details]
Czech vorvaň obrovský  [details]
Czech vorvaň tuponosý  [details]
Danish kaskelot  [details]
Danish spermacethval  [details]
Dutch kaizilot  [details]
Dutch potvis  [details]
Dutch potvisch  [details]
English chocolate whale  [details]
English sperm whale  [details]
English spermacet whale  [details]
English trompe whale  [details]
English trumpo  [details]
French cachalot  [details]
French cachalot à dents en faucille  [details]
French cachalot à dents pointues  [details]
French grand cachalot (from synonym)  [details]
Georgian chigat  [details]
German Pottfisch  [details]
German Pottwal  [details]
Hebrew roshtan  [details]
Hebrew ראשתן (from synonym)  [details]
Icelandic búrhvalur  [details]
Icelandic tweld-hval  [details]
Indonesian paus lodan  [details]
Italian capodoglio  [details]
Italian capodoglio (from synonym)  [details]
Italian cascialotto  [details]
Italian fisetere  [details]
Italian organante  [details]
Japanese makko kujira  [details]
Kalaallisut kegutilik  [details]
Kalaallisut kigitulik  [details]
Korean hyang-gorae  [details]
Koryak koiapchak  [details]
Lithuanian kašalotas  [details]
Malagasy trozona amam-taimbo  [details]
Malagasy trozona be loha  [details]
Maltese gabdoll  [details]
Modern Greek (1453-) fysitiras  [details]
Modern Greek (1453-) Φυσητήρας  [details]
Norwegian bardhvalur  [details]
Norwegian burdhvalur  [details]
Norwegian burr-hval  [details]
Norwegian huns-hval  [details]
Norwegian kascelot  [details]
Norwegian kaskelot  [details]
Norwegian knobbe-herre  [details]
Norwegian potfisk  [details]
Norwegian spermhval  [details]
Norwegian storhufd  [details]
Norwegian sue-hval  [details]
Norwegian Bokmål kaskelott (from synonym)  [details]
Norwegian Bokmål kaskelotthval (from synonym)  [details]
Norwegian Bokmål spermasetthval (from synonym)  [details]
Norwegian Bokmål spermhval (from synonym)  [details]
Norwegian Nynorsk kaskelott (from synonym)  [details]
Norwegian Nynorsk kaskelottkval (from synonym)  [details]
Norwegian Nynorsk spermasettkval (from synonym)  [details]
Norwegian Nynorsk spermkval (from synonym)  [details]
Polish kaszalot (zwyczajny) (from synonym)  [details]
Polish olbrotowick  [details]
Polish potwal olbrotowiec  [details]
Portuguese cachalote  [details]
Russian bolshoi plavun  [details]
Russian kashalot  [details]
Russian spermatsetovyi kit  [details]
Russian wolkmorskoi  [details]
Russian кашало́т (from synonym)  [details]
Sindhi bahran  [details]
Slovenian kit glavač  [details]
Southern Balochi bahran  [details]
Spanish ballena esperma  [details]
Spanish cachalote  [details]
Spanish cachalote común (from synonym)  [details]
Spanish chacalote  [details]
Spanish fiseter  [details]
Spanish guapo  [details]
Swedish kaskelot (from synonym)  [details]
Swedish pottfisk  [details]
Tamil ratchatha thimingalam  [details]
Thai plawan huathui  [details]
Turkish ispermeçet  [details]
Turkish ispermecet balinasi  [details]
Turkish ispermecet balinası  [details]
Turkish ispermeçet balinası (from synonym)  [details]
Turkish kasalot  [details]
Turkish kaşalot  [details]
Ukrainian Кашалот  [details]
Welsh morfil sberm  [details]
Direct child
taxa

[show all]
 
Subspecies Physeter macrocephalus cinereus Kerr, 1792 (nomen dubium)
Subspecies Physeter macrocephalus niger Kerr, 1792 (nomen dubium)

Subspecies Physeter macrocephalus albicans Kerr, 1792 accepted as Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas, 1776)
Environment marine
Distribution Antarctica [details]
Azores [details]
Azores Exclusive Economic Zone [details]
Belgian Exclusive Economic Zone [details]
Comores (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
Doel [details]
European waters (ERMS scope) [details]
Greek Exclusive Economic Zone [details]
Gulf of Maine (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
Gulf of Mexico [details]
Gulf of St. Lawrence [details]
Kenya (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
Knokke [details]
Koksijde [details]
Madagascar (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
Mediterranean Sea [details]
Mozambique (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone [details]
North West Atlantic [details]
Pacific Ocean [details]
Portuguese Exclusive Economic Zone (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
Reunion (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
Seychelles [details]
Somalia (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
Spanish Exclusive Economic Zone (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
St. Lawrence Estuary [details]
Subantarctic Waters [details]
Tanzania (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
United Kingdom Exclusive Economic Zone (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
Westerschelde (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
Wimereux (not certain) (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
World Oceans [details]
Zeebrugge (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
Links To Barcode of Life (1 barcode)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (653 publications)
To Encyclopedia of Life
To IUCN Red List
To Marine Species Identification Portal
To PESI
To ITIS
Notes  Diet: Deep-water squid, including giant squid and larger fish, also sharks and skates. [details]

Dimensions: Length: male 36-65 1/2' (11-20 m), female 27-56' (8.2-17 m), at birth 13' (4m); Weight: 35000-50000 kg. [details]

Distribution: in all oceans; Antarctica/Southern Ocean; East Pacific; Eastern Atlantic Ocean; Indo-West Pacific; Western Atlantic Ocean. [details]

Habitat: oceanic [details]

Holotype: None in existence. [details]

Importance: Head of the sperm whale contains 3-4 tons of spermaceti, a substance valued as a lubricant for fine machinery and a component of automatic transmission fluid. It is also used in making ointments and fine, smokeless candles (once it solidifies into a white wax upon exposure to air). The sperm whale has also been a target of commercial whaling in years gone by, in areas around the world. The meat of the whale was not generally consumed, except in Japan. Instead, spermaceti was extracted from the head, and the teeth were often used as a medium for the artistic form of engraving and carving known as scrimshaw. The most important product obtained from sperm whales is the oil, once used as fuel for lamps and now used as a lubricant and as the base for skin creams and cosmetics. A gummy substance called ambergris forms in the large intestines of sperm whales and can be found floating on the surface of the water or washed ashore once it is expelled. It was once believed to have medicinal qualities, but it is now used in connection with manufacture of perfumes, based on the fact that when it is exposed to air, it hardens and acquires a sweet, earthy smell. The island Ambergris Cay, just south of the Gulf of Mexico, was given its name because of the great quantities of this substance gathered along its shores. [details]

IUCN Red List Category: Vulnerable (VU) [details]

Morphology: The enormous (up to 1/3 of total body length), box-like head of the sperm whale sets it apart from all other species.The blowhole slit is S-shaped and positioned forward on the left side of the head. There are 18-28 functional teeth on each side of the lower jaws, but the upper teeth are few, weak and nonfunctional. The lower teeth fit into sockets in the upper jaw. The gullet of is the largest among cetaceans; it is in fact the only gullet large enough to accomodate a human. The dorsal fin is replaced by a hump and a series of longitudinal ridges on the posterior part of the back. The flippers are quite small, approximately 200 cm. long. Tail flukes are 400-450 cm in width. The blubber layer of the sperm whale is quite thick, up to 35 cm. With respect to coloration, males often become paler and sometimes piebald with age. Both sexes have white in the genital and anal regions and on the lower jaws. [details]

Reproduction: Females sexually mature at 8-11 years and males at 10 years, although males do not mate until they are 25-27 years old due to social status. Gestation is 14-16 months and nursing 2 years. Mating season is in the spring in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres and calves are born in the fall. [details]

Type locality: "Oceano Europaeo" [details]
Images 
Physeter catodon - sperm whale
[image from synonym]
Physeter catodon - sperm whale
added on 2006-06-26 - author: Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU) ()
qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2012-08-27 21:44:19

Sperm whale
Sperm whale
added on 2006-11-24 - author: Kagari Aoki
qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2009-04-18 00:25:59

Van Beneden & Gervais (1880, pl. 18)
[image from synonym]
Van Beneden & Gervais (1880, pl. 18)
added on 2008-06-02 - author: Delahaye in Van Beneden & Gervais (1880)
scan provided by VLIZ - Wetenschatten
qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2009-04-18 00:26:10

Van Beneden & Gervais (1880, pl. 19)
[image from synonym]
Van Beneden & Gervais (1880, pl. 19)
added on 2008-06-03 - author: Delahaye in Van Beneden & Gervais (1880)
scan provided by VLIZ - Wetenschatten
qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2009-04-18 00:26:48

Van Beneden & Gervais (1880, pl. 20)
[image from synonym]
Van Beneden & Gervais (1880, pl. 20)
added on 2008-06-03 - author: Delahaye in Van Beneden & Gervais (1880)
scan provided by VLIZ - Wetenschatten
qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2009-04-18 00:26:38

Physeter macrocephalus
Physeter macrocephalus
added on 2009-02-16 - author: Collection Georges Declercq
qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2009-04-18 00:27:00

Physeter macrocephalus
Physeter macrocephalus
added on 2009-02-16 - author: Collection Georges Declercq
qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2009-04-18 00:27:11

Physeter macrocephalus
Physeter macrocephalus
added on 2009-02-16 - author: Collection Georges Declercq
qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:13:01

Physeter macrocephalus
Physeter macrocephalus
added on 2009-02-16 - author: Collection Georges Declercq
qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:13:15

Physeter macrocephalus
Physeter macrocephalus
added on 2010-06-10 - author: Collection VLIZ
qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:13:29

Physeter macrocephalus
Physeter macrocephalus
added on 2010-06-10 - author: Collection VLIZ
qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:13:45

Gestrande potvis Theofiel
Gestrande potvis Theofiel
added on 2012-02-09 - author: Jeff De Groote ()
qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:13:58

Gestrande potvis Theofiel - detail kaken
Gestrande potvis Theofiel - detail kaken
added on 2012-02-09 - author: VLIZ (Vandepitte) ()
qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:14:14

Physeter macrocephalus
Physeter macrocephalus
added on 2012-03-14 - author: VLIZ Collection
qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:14:29

Physeter macrocephalus
Physeter macrocephalus
added on 2012-03-14 - author: VLIZ Collection
qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:14:46

Physeter macrocephalus
Physeter macrocephalus
added on 2012-03-14 - author: VLIZ Collection
qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:15:03

Physeter macrocephalus
Physeter macrocephalus
added on 2012-03-14 - author: VLIZ Collection
qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:15:17

Physeter macrocephalus
Physeter macrocephalus
added on 2012-03-14 - author: VLIZ Collection
qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:15:32
LSID urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:137119
Taxonomic
Edit history
 
Date   action   by
2004-12-21 15:54:05Z  created  van der Land, Jacob
2005-03-29 08:12:19Z  changed  Claus, Simon
2008-08-20 11:25:36Z  checked  Perrin, William
2009-01-06 23:07:05Z  changed  Perrin, William
  
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  Citation: Perrin, W. (2013). Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758. In: Perrin, W.F. (2013) World Cetacea Database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137119 on 2013-05-21
  Creative Commons License The webpage text is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License