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WoRMS taxon details
Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758 AphiaID: 137119
| Status | | accepted |
Record status | | Checked by Taxonomic Editor |
| Rank | | Species |
| Parent | | Physeter Linnaeus, 1758 |
Synonymised taxa | |
Catodon (Meganeuron) krefftii Gray, 1865 (synonym)
Catodon australis Wall, 1851 (synonym)
Catodon colneti Gray, 1850 (synonym)
Catodon macrocephalus Lacépède, 1804 (synonym)
Cetus cylindricus Billberg, 1828 (synonym)
Delphinus bayeri Risso, 1826 (synonym)
Phiseter cylindricus Bonnaterre, 1789 (synonym)
Phiseter mular Bonnaterre, 1789 (synonym)
Phiseter trumpo Bonnaterre, 1789 (synonym)
Physalus cylindricus Lacépède, 1804 (synonym)
Physeter andersonii Borowski, 1780 (synonym)
Physeter australasiensis Desmoulins, 1822 (synonym)
Physeter australis Gray, 1846 (synonym)
Physeter catodon Linnaeus, 1758 (synonym)
Physeter maximus G. Cuvier, 1798 (synonym)
Physeter microps Linnaeus, 1758 (synonym)
Physeter microps rectidentatus Kerr, 1792 (synonym)
Physeter novaeangliae Borowski, 1780 (synonym)
Physeter orthodon Lacépède, 1804 (synonym)
Physeter tursio Linnaeus, 1758 (synonym)
Physeterus sulcatus Lacépède, 1818 (synonym)
Tursio vulgaris Fleming, 1822 (synonym)
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| Sources | |
original description: Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae. ii, 824 pp., available online at http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=265100 page(s): 76 [details]
basis of record: van der Land, J. (2001). Tetrapoda, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 375-376 (look up in IMIS) [details]
additional source: Mead, J. G. and R. L. Brownell, Jr. (2005). Cetacea. Pages 723--743 in Wilson, D.E. & D.M. Reeder (eds). Mammal Species
of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp., available online at http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/ [details]
additional source: Rice, D. W. 1998. Marine mammals of the world. Systematics and distribution. Society for Marine Mammalogy Special Publication 4. [details]
additional source: Hershkovitz, P. (1966). Catalog of living whales. U.S. National Museum Bulletin 246:1--259. [details]
additional source: Jefferson, T. A., M. A. Webber and R. L. Pitman. (2008). Marine mammals of the world. Academic Press, Amsterdam. [details]
additional source: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, available online at http://www.iucnredlist.org [details]
additional source: Perrin, W. F., B. Würsig and J. G. M. Thewissen. (2009). Encyclopedia of marine mammals. Academic Press, Amsterdam. [details]
additional source: King, C. (2009). Terrestrial mammals (Chordata). In: Gordon, D. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume One: Kingdom Animalia. 584 pp [details]
additional source: Schmidly, D. J. and B. Würsig. 2009. Mammals (Vertebrata: Mammalia) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 1343–1352 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas. [details]
additional source: ITIS database, available online at http://www.itis.gov page(s): 76 [details]
from synonym: University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Animal Diversity Web., available online at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/index.html [details] [view taxon]
from synonym: Schevill, W.E. (1986). The International Code of zoological nomenclature and a paradigm: the name Physeter catodon Linnaeus 1758. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 2(2): 153-157 (look up in IMIS) [details] [view taxon]
context source (Deepsea): Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO. The Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS), available online at http://www.iobis.org/ [details]
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Vernacular Names | | |
Direct child taxa [show all] | | Subspecies Physeter macrocephalus cinereus Kerr, 1792 (nomen dubium)
Subspecies Physeter macrocephalus niger Kerr, 1792 (nomen dubium)
Subspecies Physeter macrocephalus albicans Kerr, 1792 accepted as Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas, 1776)
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| Environment | | marine |
| Distribution | | Antarctica [details]
Azores [details]
Azores Exclusive Economic Zone [details]
Belgian Exclusive Economic Zone [details]
Comores (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
Doel [details]
European waters (ERMS scope) [details]
Greek Exclusive Economic Zone [details]
Gulf of Maine (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
Gulf of Mexico [details]
Gulf of St. Lawrence [details]
Kenya (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
Knokke [details]
Koksijde [details]
Madagascar (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
Mediterranean Sea [details]
Mozambique (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone [details]
North West Atlantic [details]
Pacific Ocean [details]
Portuguese Exclusive Economic Zone (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
Reunion (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
Seychelles [details]
Somalia (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
Spanish Exclusive Economic Zone (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
St. Lawrence Estuary [details]
Subantarctic Waters [details]
Tanzania (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
United Kingdom Exclusive Economic Zone (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
Westerschelde (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
Wimereux (not certain) (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
World Oceans [details]
Zeebrugge (from synonym) [details] [view taxon]
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| Links | | To Barcode of Life (1 barcode)
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (653 publications)
To Encyclopedia of Life
To IUCN Red List
To Marine Species Identification Portal
To PESI
To ITIS
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| Notes | |
Diet: Deep-water squid, including giant squid and larger fish, also sharks and skates. [details]
Dimensions: Length: male 36-65 1/2' (11-20 m), female 27-56' (8.2-17 m), at birth 13' (4m); Weight: 35000-50000 kg. [details]
Distribution: in all oceans; Antarctica/Southern Ocean; East Pacific; Eastern Atlantic Ocean; Indo-West Pacific; Western Atlantic Ocean. [details]
Habitat: oceanic [details]
Holotype: None in existence. [details]
Importance: Head of the sperm whale contains 3-4 tons of spermaceti, a substance valued as a lubricant for fine machinery and a component of automatic transmission fluid. It is also used in making ointments and fine, smokeless candles (once it solidifies into a white wax upon exposure to air). The sperm whale has also been a target of commercial whaling in years gone by, in areas around the world. The meat of the whale was not generally consumed, except in Japan. Instead, spermaceti was extracted from the head, and the teeth were often used as a medium for the artistic form of engraving and carving known as scrimshaw. The most important product obtained from sperm whales is the oil, once used as fuel for lamps and now used as a lubricant and as the base for skin creams and cosmetics. A gummy substance called ambergris forms in the large intestines of sperm whales and can be found floating on the surface of the water or washed ashore once it is expelled. It was once believed to have medicinal qualities, but it is now used in connection with manufacture of perfumes, based on the fact that when it is exposed to air, it hardens and acquires a sweet, earthy smell. The island Ambergris Cay, just south of the Gulf of Mexico, was given its name because of the great quantities of this substance gathered along its shores. [details]
IUCN Red List Category: Vulnerable (VU) [details]
Morphology: The enormous (up to 1/3 of total body length), box-like head of the sperm whale sets it apart from all other species.The blowhole slit is S-shaped and positioned forward on the left side of the head. There are 18-28 functional teeth on each side of the lower jaws, but the upper teeth are few, weak and nonfunctional. The lower teeth fit into sockets in the upper jaw. The gullet of is the largest among cetaceans; it is in fact the only gullet large enough to accomodate a human. The dorsal fin is replaced by a hump and a series of longitudinal ridges on the posterior part of the back. The flippers are quite small, approximately 200 cm. long. Tail flukes are 400-450 cm in width. The blubber layer of the sperm whale is quite thick, up to 35 cm. With respect to coloration, males often become paler and sometimes piebald with age. Both sexes have white in the genital and anal regions and on the lower jaws. [details]
Reproduction: Females sexually mature at 8-11 years and males at 10 years, although males do not mate until they are 25-27 years old due to social status. Gestation is 14-16 months and nursing 2 years. Mating season is in the spring in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres and calves are born in the fall. [details]
Type locality: "Oceano Europaeo" [details]
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| Images | |
[image from synonym] Physeter catodon - sperm whale added on 2006-06-26 - author: Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU) ( ) qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2012-08-27 21:44:19 |
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Sperm whale added on 2006-11-24 - author: Kagari Aoki qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2009-04-18 00:25:59 |
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[image from synonym] Van Beneden & Gervais (1880, pl. 18) added on 2008-06-02 - author: Delahaye in Van Beneden & Gervais (1880) scan provided by VLIZ - Wetenschatten qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2009-04-18 00:26:10 |
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[image from synonym] Van Beneden & Gervais (1880, pl. 19) added on 2008-06-03 - author: Delahaye in Van Beneden & Gervais (1880) scan provided by VLIZ - Wetenschatten qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2009-04-18 00:26:48 |
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[image from synonym] Van Beneden & Gervais (1880, pl. 20) added on 2008-06-03 - author: Delahaye in Van Beneden & Gervais (1880) scan provided by VLIZ - Wetenschatten qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2009-04-18 00:26:38 |
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Physeter macrocephalus added on 2009-02-16 - author: Collection Georges Declercq qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2009-04-18 00:27:00 |
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Physeter macrocephalus added on 2009-02-16 - author: Collection Georges Declercq qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2009-04-18 00:27:11 |
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Physeter macrocephalus added on 2009-02-16 - author: Collection Georges Declercq qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:13:01 |
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Physeter macrocephalus added on 2009-02-16 - author: Collection Georges Declercq qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:13:15 |
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Physeter macrocephalus added on 2010-06-10 - author: Collection VLIZ qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:13:29 |
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Physeter macrocephalus added on 2010-06-10 - author: Collection VLIZ qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:13:45 |
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Gestrande potvis Theofiel added on 2012-02-09 - author: Jeff De Groote ( ) qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:13:58 |
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Gestrande potvis Theofiel - detail kaken added on 2012-02-09 - author: VLIZ (Vandepitte) ( ) qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:14:14 |
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Physeter macrocephalus added on 2012-03-14 - author: VLIZ Collection qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:14:29 |
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Physeter macrocephalus added on 2012-03-14 - author: VLIZ Collection qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:14:46 |
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Physeter macrocephalus added on 2012-03-14 - author: VLIZ Collection qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:15:03 |
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Physeter macrocephalus added on 2012-03-14 - author: VLIZ Collection qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:15:17 |
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Physeter macrocephalus added on 2012-03-14 - author: VLIZ Collection qualitystatus: checked by Perrin, William on 2013-04-26 18:15:32 |
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| LSID | | urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:137119 |
Taxonomic Edit history | |
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| | | [Taxonomic tree] [Distribution map] [Google] [Google scholar] [Google images] |
| | | Citation: Perrin, W. (2013). Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758. In: Perrin, W.F. (2013) World Cetacea Database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137119 on 2013-05-21 |
| | | The webpage text is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License |
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