WoRMS source details
Rützler, K.; Piantoni, C.; Van Soest, R.W.M.; Díaz, M.C. (2014). Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay. Zootaxa. 3805(1): 1-129.
177495
10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1 [view]
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F0B7652D-6E64-44CE-9181-5A10C8D594C7 [view]
Rützler, K.; Piantoni, C.; Van Soest, R.W.M.; Díaz, M.C.
2014
Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay
Zootaxa
3805(1): 1-129
Publication
Available for editors [request]
The Caribbean barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, has been a focus of Smithsonian Institution (Washington) reef
and mangrove investigations since the early 1970s. Systematics and biology of sponges (Porifera) were addressed by several
researchers but none of the studies dealt with cryptic habitats, such as the shaded undersides of coral rubble, reef crevices,
and caves, although a high species diversity was recognized and samples were taken for future reference and study.
This paper is the result of processing samples taken between 1972 and 2012. In all, 122 species were identified, 14 of them
new (including one new genus). The new species are Tetralophophora (new genus) mesoamericana, Geodia cribrata, Placospongia
caribica, Prosuberites carriebowensis, Timea diplasterina, Timea oxyasterina, Rhaphidhistia belizensis, Wigginsia
curlewensis, Phorbas aurantiacus, Myrmekioderma laminatum, Niphates arenata, Siphonodictyon occultum,
Xestospongia purpurea, and Aplysina sciophila. We determined that about 75 of the 122 cryptic sponge species studied
(61%) are exclusive members of the sciophilic community, 47 (39 %) occur in both, light-exposed and shaded or dark
habitats. Since we estimate the previously known sponge population of Carrie Bow reefs and mangroves at about 200 species,
the cryptic fauna makes up 38 % of total diversity.
Caribbean region
Biodiversity, Taxonomic and ecological diversity
Systematics, Taxonomy
Systematics, Taxonomy
Date
action
by
Aaptos pernucleata (Carter, 1870) (additional source)
Acarnus nicoleae van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991 (additional source)
Agelas citrina Gotera & Alcolado, 1987 (additional source)
Agelas dispar Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 (additional source)
Agelas schmidtii Wilson, 1902 (additional source)
Agelas sventres Lehnert & van Soest, 1996 (additional source)
Agelas wiedenmayeri Alcolado, 1984 (additional source)
Amphimedon erina (de Laubenfels, 1936) (additional source)
Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882) (additional source)
Aplysina fistularis (Pallas, 1766) (additional source)
Aplysina fulva (Pallas, 1766) (additional source)
Aplysina ocracea Alcolado, 1984 (additional source)
Aplysina sciophila Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014 (original description)
Axinyssa flavolivescens Hofman & Kielman, 1992 accepted as Suberea flavolivescens (Hofman & Kielman, 1992) (source of synonymy)
Calyx podatypa (de Laubenfels, 1934) (additional source)
Chondrilla caribensis Rützler, Duran & Piantoni, 2007 (additional source)
Cinachyrella kuekenthali (Uliczka, 1929) (additional source)
Clathria (Microciona) bulbotoxa van Soest, 1984 (additional source)
Clathria (Microciona) campecheae Hooper, 1996 (additional source)
Clathria (Microciona) echinata (Alcolado, 1984) (additional source)
Clathria (Thalysias) curacaoensis Arndt, 1927 (additional source)
Clathria (Thalysias) venosa (Alcolado, 1984) (additional source)
Clathria (Thalysias) virgultosa (sensu Lamarck, 1814) accepted as Clathria (Thalysias) virgultosa (Esper, 1806) (additional source)
Clathrina hondurensis Klautau & Valentine, 2003 (additional source)
Clathrina panis (Haeckel, 1870) accepted as Ascaltis panis (Haeckel, 1870) (additional source)
Cliona amplicavata Rützler, 1974 (additional source)
Cliona flavifodina Rützler, 1974 (additional source)
Cliona mucronata Sollas, 1878 (additional source)
Cliona schmidtii (Ridley, 1881) (additional source)
Cliona varians (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (additional source)
Cornulum johnsoni (de Laubenfels, 1934) (additional source)
Corticium quadripartitum Topsent, 1923 (additional source)
Cribrochalina vasculum (Lamarck, 1814) (additional source)
Cryptosyringa membranophila Vacelet, 1979 (additional source)
Desmacella polysigmata van Soest, 1984 (additional source)
Diplastrella megastellata Hechtel, 1965 (additional source)
Dragmacidon reticulatum (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) (additional source)
Dragmaxia undata Alvarez, van Soest & Rützler, 1998 (additional source)
Dysidea etheria de Laubenfels, 1936 (additional source)
Ectyoplasia ferox (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (additional source)
Erylus formosus Sollas, 1886 (additional source)
Gastrophanella cavernicola Muricy & Minervino, 2000 (additional source)
Geodia cribrata Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014 (original description)
Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815 (additional source)
Goreauiella auriculata Hartman, 1969 (additional source)
Haliclona (Halichoclona) stoneae de Weerdt, 2000 (additional source)
Haliclona (Halichoclona) vansoesti de Weerdt, de Kluijver & Gómez, 1999 (additional source)
Haliclona (Reniera) implexiformis (Hechtel, 1965) (additional source)
Haliclona (Reniera) manglaris Alcolado, 1984 (additional source)
Haliclona (Reniera) mucifibrosa de Weerdt, Rützler & Smith, 1991 (additional source)
Haliclona (Soestella) lehnerti de Weerdt, 2000 (additional source)
Haliclona (Soestella) luciensis de Weerdt, 2000 (additional source)
Hispidopetra miniana Hartman, 1969 (additional source)
Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) agariciicola van Soest, 1984 (basis of record)
Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) curacaoensis van Soest, 1984 (basis of record)
Hymeniacidon caerulea Pulitzer-Finali, 1986 (additional source)
Igernella notabilis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (additional source)
Iotrochota birotulata (Higgin, 1877) (additional source)
Ircinia felix (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (additional source)
Ircinia strobilina (Lamarck, 1816) (additional source)
Kaliapsis cidaris Bowerbank, 1869 (additional source)
Leucetta floridana (Haeckel, 1872) (additional source)
Merlia deficiens Vacelet, 1980 (additional source)
Merlia normani Kirkpatrick, 1908 (additional source)
Monanchora arbuscula (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (additional source)
Mycale (Carmia) microsigmatosa Arndt, 1927 (additional source)
Mycale (Grapelia) unguifera Hajdu, Zea, Kielman & Peixinho, 1995 (additional source)
Mycale (Mycale) laevis (Carter, 1882) (additional source)
Myrmekioderma laminatum Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest & Díaz, 2014 (original description)
Myrmekioderma rea (de Laubenfels, 1934) (additional source)
Niphates alba van Soest, 1980 (additional source)
Niphates amorpha Van Soest, 1980 (additional source)
Niphates arenata Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014 (original description)
Niphates erecta Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 (additional source)
Oceanapia bartschi (de Laubenfels, 1934) accepted as Coelocarteria bartschi (de Laubenfels, 1934) (additional source)
Petrosia (Petrosia) weinbergi van Soest, 1980 (basis of record)
Phorbas aurantiacus Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest & Diaz, 2014 (original description)
Placospherastra antillensis van Soest, 2009 (additional source)
Placospongia caribica Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest & Díaz, 2014 (original description)
Plakinastrella onkodes Uliczka, 1929 (additional source)
Plakortis angulospiculatus (Carter, 1879) (additional source)
Plakortis zyggompha (de Laubenfels, 1934) (additional source)
Prosuberites carriebowensis Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014 (original description)
Ptilocaulis walpersii (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (additional source)
Rhaphidhistia belizensis Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014 (original description)
Samus anonymus Gray, 1867 (additional source)
Scopalina ruetzleri (Wiedenmayer, 1977) (additional source)
Siphonodictyon coralliphagum Rützler, 1971 (additional source)
Siphonodictyon occultum Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014 (original description)
Siphonodictyon ruetzleri (Calcinai, Cerrano & Bavestrello, 2007) (basis of record)
Siphonodictyon xamaycaense Pulitzer-Finali, 1986 (additional source)
Smenospongia cerebriformis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (additional source)
Smenospongia echina (de Laubenfels, 1934) (basis of record)
Spheciospongia vesparium (Lamarck, 1815) (additional source)
Spirastrella coccinea (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (additional source)
Spirastrella mollis Verrill, 1907 (additional source)
Spiroxya spiralis (Johnson, 1899) (basis of record)
Stelletta solidissima (Wilson, 1902) (additional source)
Strongylacidon rubrum van Soest, 1984 (additional source)
Suberea flavolivescens (Hofman & Kielman, 1992) (basis of record)
Acarnus nicoleae van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991 (additional source)
Agelas citrina Gotera & Alcolado, 1987 (additional source)
Agelas dispar Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 (additional source)
Agelas schmidtii Wilson, 1902 (additional source)
Agelas sventres Lehnert & van Soest, 1996 (additional source)
Agelas wiedenmayeri Alcolado, 1984 (additional source)
Amphimedon erina (de Laubenfels, 1936) (additional source)
Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882) (additional source)
Aplysina fistularis (Pallas, 1766) (additional source)
Aplysina fulva (Pallas, 1766) (additional source)
Aplysina ocracea Alcolado, 1984 (additional source)
Aplysina sciophila Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014 (original description)
Axinyssa flavolivescens Hofman & Kielman, 1992 accepted as Suberea flavolivescens (Hofman & Kielman, 1992) (source of synonymy)
Calyx podatypa (de Laubenfels, 1934) (additional source)
Chondrilla caribensis Rützler, Duran & Piantoni, 2007 (additional source)
Cinachyrella kuekenthali (Uliczka, 1929) (additional source)
Clathria (Microciona) bulbotoxa van Soest, 1984 (additional source)
Clathria (Microciona) campecheae Hooper, 1996 (additional source)
Clathria (Microciona) echinata (Alcolado, 1984) (additional source)
Clathria (Thalysias) curacaoensis Arndt, 1927 (additional source)
Clathria (Thalysias) venosa (Alcolado, 1984) (additional source)
Clathria (Thalysias) virgultosa (sensu Lamarck, 1814) accepted as Clathria (Thalysias) virgultosa (Esper, 1806) (additional source)
Clathrina hondurensis Klautau & Valentine, 2003 (additional source)
Clathrina panis (Haeckel, 1870) accepted as Ascaltis panis (Haeckel, 1870) (additional source)
Cliona amplicavata Rützler, 1974 (additional source)
Cliona flavifodina Rützler, 1974 (additional source)
Cliona mucronata Sollas, 1878 (additional source)
Cliona schmidtii (Ridley, 1881) (additional source)
Cliona varians (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (additional source)
Cornulum johnsoni (de Laubenfels, 1934) (additional source)
Corticium quadripartitum Topsent, 1923 (additional source)
Cribrochalina vasculum (Lamarck, 1814) (additional source)
Cryptosyringa membranophila Vacelet, 1979 (additional source)
Desmacella polysigmata van Soest, 1984 (additional source)
Diplastrella megastellata Hechtel, 1965 (additional source)
Dragmacidon reticulatum (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) (additional source)
Dragmaxia undata Alvarez, van Soest & Rützler, 1998 (additional source)
Dysidea etheria de Laubenfels, 1936 (additional source)
Ectyoplasia ferox (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (additional source)
Erylus formosus Sollas, 1886 (additional source)
Gastrophanella cavernicola Muricy & Minervino, 2000 (additional source)
Geodia cribrata Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014 (original description)
Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815 (additional source)
Goreauiella auriculata Hartman, 1969 (additional source)
Haliclona (Halichoclona) stoneae de Weerdt, 2000 (additional source)
Haliclona (Halichoclona) vansoesti de Weerdt, de Kluijver & Gómez, 1999 (additional source)
Haliclona (Reniera) implexiformis (Hechtel, 1965) (additional source)
Haliclona (Reniera) manglaris Alcolado, 1984 (additional source)
Haliclona (Reniera) mucifibrosa de Weerdt, Rützler & Smith, 1991 (additional source)
Haliclona (Soestella) lehnerti de Weerdt, 2000 (additional source)
Haliclona (Soestella) luciensis de Weerdt, 2000 (additional source)
Hispidopetra miniana Hartman, 1969 (additional source)
Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) agariciicola van Soest, 1984 (basis of record)
Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) curacaoensis van Soest, 1984 (basis of record)
Hymeniacidon caerulea Pulitzer-Finali, 1986 (additional source)
Igernella notabilis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (additional source)
Iotrochota birotulata (Higgin, 1877) (additional source)
Ircinia felix (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (additional source)
Ircinia strobilina (Lamarck, 1816) (additional source)
Kaliapsis cidaris Bowerbank, 1869 (additional source)
Leucetta floridana (Haeckel, 1872) (additional source)
Merlia deficiens Vacelet, 1980 (additional source)
Merlia normani Kirkpatrick, 1908 (additional source)
Monanchora arbuscula (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (additional source)
Mycale (Carmia) microsigmatosa Arndt, 1927 (additional source)
Mycale (Grapelia) unguifera Hajdu, Zea, Kielman & Peixinho, 1995 (additional source)
Mycale (Mycale) laevis (Carter, 1882) (additional source)
Myrmekioderma laminatum Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest & Díaz, 2014 (original description)
Myrmekioderma rea (de Laubenfels, 1934) (additional source)
Niphates alba van Soest, 1980 (additional source)
Niphates amorpha Van Soest, 1980 (additional source)
Niphates arenata Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014 (original description)
Niphates erecta Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 (additional source)
Oceanapia bartschi (de Laubenfels, 1934) accepted as Coelocarteria bartschi (de Laubenfels, 1934) (additional source)
Petrosia (Petrosia) weinbergi van Soest, 1980 (basis of record)
Phorbas aurantiacus Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest & Diaz, 2014 (original description)
Placospherastra antillensis van Soest, 2009 (additional source)
Placospongia caribica Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest & Díaz, 2014 (original description)
Plakinastrella onkodes Uliczka, 1929 (additional source)
Plakortis angulospiculatus (Carter, 1879) (additional source)
Plakortis zyggompha (de Laubenfels, 1934) (additional source)
Prosuberites carriebowensis Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014 (original description)
Ptilocaulis walpersii (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (additional source)
Rhaphidhistia belizensis Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014 (original description)
Samus anonymus Gray, 1867 (additional source)
Scopalina ruetzleri (Wiedenmayer, 1977) (additional source)
Siphonodictyon coralliphagum Rützler, 1971 (additional source)
Siphonodictyon occultum Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014 (original description)
Siphonodictyon ruetzleri (Calcinai, Cerrano & Bavestrello, 2007) (basis of record)
Siphonodictyon xamaycaense Pulitzer-Finali, 1986 (additional source)
Smenospongia cerebriformis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (additional source)
Smenospongia echina (de Laubenfels, 1934) (basis of record)
Spheciospongia vesparium (Lamarck, 1815) (additional source)
Spirastrella coccinea (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (additional source)
Spirastrella mollis Verrill, 1907 (additional source)
Spiroxya spiralis (Johnson, 1899) (basis of record)
Stelletta solidissima (Wilson, 1902) (additional source)
Strongylacidon rubrum van Soest, 1984 (additional source)
Suberea flavolivescens (Hofman & Kielman, 1992) (basis of record)
Bahamian for Ectyon clavaeformis Carter, 1883
Eastern Caribbean for Haliclona (Halichoclona) vansoesti de Weerdt, de Kluijver & Gómez, 1999
Western Caribbean for Aaptos pernucleata (Carter, 1870)
Western Caribbean for Acarnus nicoleae van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991
Western Caribbean for Agelas citrina Gotera & Alcolado, 1987
Western Caribbean for Agelas dispar Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864
Western Caribbean for Agelas schmidtii Wilson, 1902
Western Caribbean for Agelas sventres Lehnert & van Soest, 1996
Western Caribbean for Agelas wiedenmayeri Alcolado, 1984
Western Caribbean for Amphimedon erina (de Laubenfels, 1936)
Western Caribbean for Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882)
Western Caribbean for Aplysina fistularis (Pallas, 1766)
Western Caribbean for Aplysina fulva (Pallas, 1766)
Western Caribbean for Aplysina ocracea Alcolado, 1984
Western Caribbean for Aplysina sciophila Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Western Caribbean for Calyx podatypa (de Laubenfels, 1934)
Western Caribbean for Chondrilla caribensis Rützler, Duran & Piantoni, 2007
Western Caribbean for Cinachyrella kuekenthali (Uliczka, 1929)
Western Caribbean for Clathria (Microciona) bulbotoxa van Soest, 1984
Western Caribbean for Clathria (Microciona) campecheae Hooper, 1996
Western Caribbean for Clathria (Microciona) echinata (Alcolado, 1984)
Western Caribbean for Clathria (Thalysias) curacaoensis Arndt, 1927
Western Caribbean for Clathria (Thalysias) venosa (Alcolado, 1984)
Western Caribbean for Clathria (Thalysias) virgultosa (sensu Lamarck, 1814)
Western Caribbean for Clathrina hondurensis Klautau & Valentine, 2003
Western Caribbean for Clathrina panis (Haeckel, 1870)
Western Caribbean for Cliona amplicavata Rützler, 1974
Western Caribbean for Cliona flavifodina Rützler, 1974
Western Caribbean for Cliona schmidtii (Ridley, 1881) (inaccurate)
Western Caribbean for Cliona varians (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Western Caribbean for Cornulum johnsoni (de Laubenfels, 1934)
Western Caribbean for Corticium quadripartitum Topsent, 1923
Western Caribbean for Cribrochalina vasculum (Lamarck, 1814)
Western Caribbean for Cryptosyringa membranophila Vacelet, 1979
Western Caribbean for Desmacella polysigmata van Soest, 1984
Western Caribbean for Dragmacidon reticulatum (Ridley & Dendy, 1886)
Western Caribbean for Dragmaxia undata Alvarez, van Soest & Rützler, 1998
Western Caribbean for Dysidea etheria de Laubenfels, 1936
Western Caribbean for Ectyoplasia ferox (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Western Caribbean for Erylus formosus Sollas, 1886
Western Caribbean for Gastrophanella cavernicola Muricy & Minervino, 2000
Western Caribbean for Geodia cribrata Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014 (origin: native)
Western Caribbean for Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815
Western Caribbean for Goreauiella auriculata Hartman, 1969
Western Caribbean for Haliclona (Halichoclona) stoneae de Weerdt, 2000
Western Caribbean for Haliclona (Halichoclona) vansoesti de Weerdt, de Kluijver & Gómez, 1999
Western Caribbean for Haliclona (Reniera) implexiformis (Hechtel, 1965)
Western Caribbean for Haliclona (Reniera) manglaris Alcolado, 1984
Western Caribbean for Haliclona (Reniera) mucifibrosa de Weerdt, Rützler & Smith, 1991
Western Caribbean for Haliclona (Soestella) lehnerti de Weerdt, 2000
Western Caribbean for Haliclona (Soestella) luciensis de Weerdt, 2000
Western Caribbean for Hispidopetra miniana Hartman, 1969
Western Caribbean for Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) agariciicola van Soest, 1984
Western Caribbean for Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) curacaoensis van Soest, 1984
Western Caribbean for Hymeniacidon caerulea Pulitzer-Finali, 1986
Western Caribbean for Igernella notabilis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Western Caribbean for Iotrochota birotulata (Higgin, 1877)
Western Caribbean for Ircinia felix (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Western Caribbean for Ircinia strobilina (Lamarck, 1816)
Western Caribbean for Kaliapsis cidaris Bowerbank, 1869 (inaccurate)
Western Caribbean for Leucetta floridana (Haeckel, 1872)
Western Caribbean for Merlia deficiens Vacelet, 1980
Western Caribbean for Merlia normani Kirkpatrick, 1908
Western Caribbean for Monanchora arbuscula (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Western Caribbean for Mycale (Carmia) microsigmatosa Arndt, 1927
Western Caribbean for Mycale (Grapelia) unguifera Hajdu, Zea, Kielman & Peixinho, 1995
Western Caribbean for Mycale (Mycale) laevis (Carter, 1882)
Western Caribbean for Myrmekioderma laminatum Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Western Caribbean for Myrmekioderma rea (de Laubenfels, 1934)
Western Caribbean for Niphates alba van Soest, 1980
Western Caribbean for Niphates amorpha Van Soest, 1980
Western Caribbean for Niphates arenata Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Western Caribbean for Niphates erecta Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864
Western Caribbean for Oceanapia bartschi (de Laubenfels, 1934)
Western Caribbean for Petrosia (Petrosia) weinbergi van Soest, 1980
Western Caribbean for Phorbas aurantiacus Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest & Diaz, 2014
Western Caribbean for Placospherastra antillensis van Soest, 2009
Western Caribbean for Placospongia caribica Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Western Caribbean for Plakinastrella onkodes Uliczka, 1929
Western Caribbean for Plakortis angulospiculatus (Carter, 1879)
Western Caribbean for Plakortis zyggompha (de Laubenfels, 1934)
Western Caribbean for Prosuberites carriebowensis Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Western Caribbean for Ptilocaulis walpersii (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Western Caribbean for Rhaphidhistia belizensis Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Western Caribbean for Samus anonymus Gray, 1867
Western Caribbean for Scopalina ruetzleri (Wiedenmayer, 1977)
Western Caribbean for Siphonodictyon coralliphagum Rützler, 1971
Western Caribbean for Siphonodictyon occultum Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Western Caribbean for Siphonodictyon ruetzleri (Calcinai, Cerrano & Bavestrello, 2007)
Western Caribbean for Siphonodictyon xamaycaense Pulitzer-Finali, 1986
Western Caribbean for Smenospongia cerebriformis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Western Caribbean for Smenospongia echina (de Laubenfels, 1934)
Western Caribbean for Spheciospongia vesparium (Lamarck, 1815)
Western Caribbean for Spirastrella coccinea (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Western Caribbean for Spirastrella mollis Verrill, 1907
Western Caribbean for Spiroxya spiralis (Johnson, 1899)
Western Caribbean for Stelletta solidissima (Wilson, 1902)
Western Caribbean for Strongylacidon rubrum van Soest, 1984
Western Caribbean for Suberea flavolivescens (Hofman & Kielman, 1992)
Western Caribbean for Terpios fugax Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864
Eastern Caribbean for Haliclona (Halichoclona) vansoesti de Weerdt, de Kluijver & Gómez, 1999
Western Caribbean for Aaptos pernucleata (Carter, 1870)
Western Caribbean for Acarnus nicoleae van Soest, Hooper & Hiemstra, 1991
Western Caribbean for Agelas citrina Gotera & Alcolado, 1987
Western Caribbean for Agelas dispar Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864
Western Caribbean for Agelas schmidtii Wilson, 1902
Western Caribbean for Agelas sventres Lehnert & van Soest, 1996
Western Caribbean for Agelas wiedenmayeri Alcolado, 1984
Western Caribbean for Amphimedon erina (de Laubenfels, 1936)
Western Caribbean for Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882)
Western Caribbean for Aplysina fistularis (Pallas, 1766)
Western Caribbean for Aplysina fulva (Pallas, 1766)
Western Caribbean for Aplysina ocracea Alcolado, 1984
Western Caribbean for Aplysina sciophila Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Western Caribbean for Calyx podatypa (de Laubenfels, 1934)
Western Caribbean for Chondrilla caribensis Rützler, Duran & Piantoni, 2007
Western Caribbean for Cinachyrella kuekenthali (Uliczka, 1929)
Western Caribbean for Clathria (Microciona) bulbotoxa van Soest, 1984
Western Caribbean for Clathria (Microciona) campecheae Hooper, 1996
Western Caribbean for Clathria (Microciona) echinata (Alcolado, 1984)
Western Caribbean for Clathria (Thalysias) curacaoensis Arndt, 1927
Western Caribbean for Clathria (Thalysias) venosa (Alcolado, 1984)
Western Caribbean for Clathria (Thalysias) virgultosa (sensu Lamarck, 1814)
Western Caribbean for Clathrina hondurensis Klautau & Valentine, 2003
Western Caribbean for Clathrina panis (Haeckel, 1870)
Western Caribbean for Cliona amplicavata Rützler, 1974
Western Caribbean for Cliona flavifodina Rützler, 1974
Western Caribbean for Cliona schmidtii (Ridley, 1881) (inaccurate)
Western Caribbean for Cliona varians (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Western Caribbean for Cornulum johnsoni (de Laubenfels, 1934)
Western Caribbean for Corticium quadripartitum Topsent, 1923
Western Caribbean for Cribrochalina vasculum (Lamarck, 1814)
Western Caribbean for Cryptosyringa membranophila Vacelet, 1979
Western Caribbean for Desmacella polysigmata van Soest, 1984
Western Caribbean for Dragmacidon reticulatum (Ridley & Dendy, 1886)
Western Caribbean for Dragmaxia undata Alvarez, van Soest & Rützler, 1998
Western Caribbean for Dysidea etheria de Laubenfels, 1936
Western Caribbean for Ectyoplasia ferox (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Western Caribbean for Erylus formosus Sollas, 1886
Western Caribbean for Gastrophanella cavernicola Muricy & Minervino, 2000
Western Caribbean for Geodia cribrata Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014 (origin: native)
Western Caribbean for Geodia gibberosa Lamarck, 1815
Western Caribbean for Goreauiella auriculata Hartman, 1969
Western Caribbean for Haliclona (Halichoclona) stoneae de Weerdt, 2000
Western Caribbean for Haliclona (Halichoclona) vansoesti de Weerdt, de Kluijver & Gómez, 1999
Western Caribbean for Haliclona (Reniera) implexiformis (Hechtel, 1965)
Western Caribbean for Haliclona (Reniera) manglaris Alcolado, 1984
Western Caribbean for Haliclona (Reniera) mucifibrosa de Weerdt, Rützler & Smith, 1991
Western Caribbean for Haliclona (Soestella) lehnerti de Weerdt, 2000
Western Caribbean for Haliclona (Soestella) luciensis de Weerdt, 2000
Western Caribbean for Hispidopetra miniana Hartman, 1969
Western Caribbean for Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) agariciicola van Soest, 1984
Western Caribbean for Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) curacaoensis van Soest, 1984
Western Caribbean for Hymeniacidon caerulea Pulitzer-Finali, 1986
Western Caribbean for Igernella notabilis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Western Caribbean for Iotrochota birotulata (Higgin, 1877)
Western Caribbean for Ircinia felix (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Western Caribbean for Ircinia strobilina (Lamarck, 1816)
Western Caribbean for Kaliapsis cidaris Bowerbank, 1869 (inaccurate)
Western Caribbean for Leucetta floridana (Haeckel, 1872)
Western Caribbean for Merlia deficiens Vacelet, 1980
Western Caribbean for Merlia normani Kirkpatrick, 1908
Western Caribbean for Monanchora arbuscula (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Western Caribbean for Mycale (Carmia) microsigmatosa Arndt, 1927
Western Caribbean for Mycale (Grapelia) unguifera Hajdu, Zea, Kielman & Peixinho, 1995
Western Caribbean for Mycale (Mycale) laevis (Carter, 1882)
Western Caribbean for Myrmekioderma laminatum Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Western Caribbean for Myrmekioderma rea (de Laubenfels, 1934)
Western Caribbean for Niphates alba van Soest, 1980
Western Caribbean for Niphates amorpha Van Soest, 1980
Western Caribbean for Niphates arenata Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Western Caribbean for Niphates erecta Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864
Western Caribbean for Oceanapia bartschi (de Laubenfels, 1934)
Western Caribbean for Petrosia (Petrosia) weinbergi van Soest, 1980
Western Caribbean for Phorbas aurantiacus Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest & Diaz, 2014
Western Caribbean for Placospherastra antillensis van Soest, 2009
Western Caribbean for Placospongia caribica Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Western Caribbean for Plakinastrella onkodes Uliczka, 1929
Western Caribbean for Plakortis angulospiculatus (Carter, 1879)
Western Caribbean for Plakortis zyggompha (de Laubenfels, 1934)
Western Caribbean for Prosuberites carriebowensis Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Western Caribbean for Ptilocaulis walpersii (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Western Caribbean for Rhaphidhistia belizensis Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Western Caribbean for Samus anonymus Gray, 1867
Western Caribbean for Scopalina ruetzleri (Wiedenmayer, 1977)
Western Caribbean for Siphonodictyon coralliphagum Rützler, 1971
Western Caribbean for Siphonodictyon occultum Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Western Caribbean for Siphonodictyon ruetzleri (Calcinai, Cerrano & Bavestrello, 2007)
Western Caribbean for Siphonodictyon xamaycaense Pulitzer-Finali, 1986
Western Caribbean for Smenospongia cerebriformis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Western Caribbean for Smenospongia echina (de Laubenfels, 1934)
Western Caribbean for Spheciospongia vesparium (Lamarck, 1815)
Western Caribbean for Spirastrella coccinea (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Western Caribbean for Spirastrella mollis Verrill, 1907
Western Caribbean for Spiroxya spiralis (Johnson, 1899)
Western Caribbean for Stelletta solidissima (Wilson, 1902)
Western Caribbean for Strongylacidon rubrum van Soest, 1984
Western Caribbean for Suberea flavolivescens (Hofman & Kielman, 1992)
Western Caribbean for Terpios fugax Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864
Holotype USNM 1228906, geounit Western Caribbean, identified as Tetralophophora mesoamericana Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Holotype USNM 1228917, geounit Western Caribbean, identified as Geodia cribrata Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Holotype USNM 1228972, geounit Western Caribbean, identified as Prosuberites carriebowensis Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Holotype USNM 1228986, geounit Western Caribbean, identified as Timea diplasterina Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Holotype USNM 1228987, geounit Western Caribbean, identified as Timea oxyasterina Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Holotype USNM 1228992, geounit Western Caribbean, identified as Rhaphidhistia belizensis Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Holotype USNM 1229005, geounit Western Caribbean, identified as Wigginsia curlewensis Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest & Diaz, 2014
Holotype USNM 1229060, geounit Western Caribbean, identified as Phorbas aurantiacus Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest & Diaz, 2014
Holotype USNM 1229076, geounit Western Caribbean, identified as Myrmekioderma laminatum Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Holotype USNM 1229149, geounit Western Caribbean, identified as Aplysina sciophila Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Holotype USNM 32873, geounit Western Caribbean, identified as Placospongia caribica Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Holotype USNM 7659, geounit Eastern Caribbean, identified as Coppatias solidissima Wilson, 1902
Holotype USNM 1228917, geounit Western Caribbean, identified as Geodia cribrata Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Holotype USNM 1228972, geounit Western Caribbean, identified as Prosuberites carriebowensis Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Holotype USNM 1228986, geounit Western Caribbean, identified as Timea diplasterina Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Holotype USNM 1228987, geounit Western Caribbean, identified as Timea oxyasterina Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Holotype USNM 1228992, geounit Western Caribbean, identified as Rhaphidhistia belizensis Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Holotype USNM 1229005, geounit Western Caribbean, identified as Wigginsia curlewensis Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest & Diaz, 2014
Holotype USNM 1229060, geounit Western Caribbean, identified as Phorbas aurantiacus Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest & Diaz, 2014
Holotype USNM 1229076, geounit Western Caribbean, identified as Myrmekioderma laminatum Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Holotype USNM 1229149, geounit Western Caribbean, identified as Aplysina sciophila Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Holotype USNM 32873, geounit Western Caribbean, identified as Placospongia caribica Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest & Díaz, 2014
Holotype USNM 7659, geounit Eastern Caribbean, identified as Coppatias solidissima Wilson, 1902
Taxonomic remark
"It is possible that, owing to the presence of microspined rhabds, this species needs to be transferred to ... [details]