WoRMS taxon details

Nitocra Boeck, 1865

157705  (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:157705)

  1. Biota
  2. Animalia (Kingdom)
  3. Arthropoda (Phylum)
  4. Crustacea (Subphylum)
  5. Multicrustacea (Superclass)
  6. Copepoda (Class)
  7. Neocopepoda (Infraclass)
  8. Podoplea (Superorder)
  9. Harpacticoida (Order)
  10. Ameiridae (Family)
  11. Nitocra (Genus)
accepted
Genus
Nitocrameira Liddell, 1912 · unaccepted (synonym)
Nitokra Boeck, 1865 · alternative representation (both spellings in use)
Transfuga Schmankevitsch, 1875 · unaccepted (synonym)

Ordering

  • Alphabetically
  • By status

Children Display

  1. Species Nitocra alperi Yildiz & Karaytuğ, 2024
  2. Species Nitocra arctolongus Shen & Tai, 1973
  3. Species Nitocra australis Soyer, 1975
  4. Species Nitocra balli Rouch, 1972
  5. Species Nitocra balnearia Por, 1964
  6. Species Nitocra bdellurae (Liddell, 1912)
  7. Species Nitocra bisetosa Mielke, 1993
  8. Species Nitocra blochi Soyer, 1975
  9. Species Nitocra californica Lang, 1965
  10. Species Nitocra cari Petkovski, 1954
  11. Species Nitocra chelifer Wilson C.B., 1932
  12. Species Nitocra colombiensis Fuentes-Reinés & Suárez-Morales, 2014
  13. Species Nitocra delaruei Soyer, 1975
  14. Species Nitocra dubia Sars G.O., 1927
  15. Species Nitocra elegans (Scott T., 1905)
  16. Species Nitocra elongata Marcus, 1968
  17. Species Nitocra esbe Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015
  18. Species Nitocra evergladensis Bruno & Reid in Bruno, Reid & Perry, 2002
  19. Species Nitocra fluviatilis Galhano, 1968
  20. Species Nitocra fragilis Sars G.O., 1905
  21. Species Nitocra galapagoensis Mielke, 1997
  22. Species Nitocra hamata Bodin, 1970
  23. Species Nitocra humphreysi Karanovic & Pesce, 2002
  24. Species Nitocra husmanni Kunz, 1977
  25. Species Nitocra hyperidis Jakobi, 1956
  26. Species Nitocra karanovici Chullasorn, Kangtia & Klangsin, 2014
  27. Species Nitocra kastjanensis Kornev & Chertoprud, 2008
  28. Species Nitocra koreanus Chang, 2007
  29. Species Nitocra laingensis Fiers, 1986
  30. Species Nitocra langi Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015
  31. Species Nitocra loweae Yildiz & Karaytuğ, 2024
  32. Species Nitocra malaica Kiefer, 1929
  33. Species Nitocra marinae Jaschnov, 1935
  34. Species Nitocra medusaea Humes, 1953
  35. Species Nitocra minor Willey, 1930
  36. Species Nitocra mozambica Huys, 2021
  37. Species Nitocra oligochaeta Giesbrecht, 1882
  38. Species Nitocra phlegraea Brehm, 1909
  39. Species Nitocra phreatica Bozic, 1964
  40. Species Nitocra pietschmanni Chappuis, 1934
  41. Species Nitocra platypus Daday, 1906
  42. Species Nitocra pontica Boeck, 1865
  43. Species Nitocra pori Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015
  44. Species Nitocra psammophila Noodt, 1952
  45. Species Nitocra pseudospinipes Yeatman, 1983
  46. Species Nitocra puebloviejensis Fuentes-Reinés, Suárez-Morales & Silva-Briano, 2022
  47. Species Nitocra quadriseta Wells & Rao, 1987
  48. Species Nitocra quangnamensis Tran, Trinh-Dang, Nguyen & Brancelj, 2025
  49. Species Nitocra reunionensis Bozic, 1969
  50. Species Nitocra rijekana Petkovski, 1954
  51. Species Nitocra salina (Schmankevitsch, 1875)
  52. Species Nitocra serdarsaki Yildiz & Karaytuğ, 2024
  53. Species Nitocra sewelli Gurney, 1927
  54. Species Nitocra simplex Schmeil, 1894
  55. Species Nitocra sonmezi Yildiz & Karaytuğ, 2024
  56. Species Nitocra sphaeromata Bowman, 1988
  57. Species Nitocra stygia Por, 1968
  58. Species Nitocra taylori Gómez, Carrasco & Morales-Serna, 2012
  59. Species Nitocra tenuicornis Brady & Robertson, 1873
  60. Species Nitocra uenoi Miura, 1962
  61. Species Nitocra vietnamensis Tran & Chang, 2012
  62. Species Nitocra wolterecki Brehm, 1909
  63. Species Nitocra yahiai (Blanchard & Richard, 1891)
  64. Species Nitocra yeelirrie Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015
  65. Species Nitocra baltica Arlt, 1983 accepted as Nitocra langi Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015 (unaccepted > junior homonym)
  66. Species Nitocra brevisetosa Daday, 1901 accepted as Canthocamptus brevisetosus (Daday, 1901) accepted as Viguierella coeca brevisetosa (Daday, 1901) accepted as Phyllognathopus coecus brevisetosus (Daday, 1901) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
  67. Species Nitocra divaricata Chappuis, 1924 accepted as Nitocrella divaricata (Chappuis, 1924) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
  68. Species Nitocra gracilimana Giesbrecht, 1902 accepted as Ameira gracilimana (Giesbrecht, 1902) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
  69. Species Nitocra incerta (Richard, 1893) accepted as Nitocrella hibernica incerta (Richard, 1893) accepted as Nitocra hibernica hibernica (Brady, 1880) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
  70. Species Nitocra inuber (Schmankevitsch, 1875) accepted as Nitocra hibernica (Brady, 1880) represented as Nitocra hibernica hibernica (Brady, 1880)
  71. Species Nitocra japonica (Miura, 1962) accepted as Nitocrella japonica Miura, 1962
  72. Species Nitocra muelleri Douwe, 1905 accepted as Nitocra lacustris (Schmankevitsch, 1875) represented as Nitocra lacustris lacustris (Schmankevitsch, 1875) (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym, (synonomized by Chang & Yoon, 2008) )
  73. Species Nitocra palustris (Brady, 1880) accepted as Nitocra spinipes spinipes Boeck, 1865
  74. Species Nitocra paradoxa Daday, 1903 accepted as Schizopera paradoxa (Daday, 1903) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
  75. Species Nitocra parafragilis Roe, 1958 accepted as Nitocra spinipes Boeck, 1865 represented as Nitocra spinipes spinipes Boeck, 1865 (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
  76. Species Nitocra stygia (Apostolov, 1976) accepted as Nitocra pori Karanovic, Eberhard, Cooper & Guzik, 2015 (unaccepted > junior homonym)
  77. Species Nitocra subterranea Chappuis, 1928 accepted as Nitocrella subterranea (Chappuis, 1928) accepted as Parapseudoleptomesochra subterranea (Chappuis, 1928) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
  78. Species Nitocra tau Giesbrecht, 1881 accepted as Ameira parvula (Claus, 1866) (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
  79. Species Nitocra treforti (Daday, 1884) accepted as Nitocra lacustris (Schmankevitsch, 1875) represented as Nitocra lacustris lacustris (Schmankevitsch, 1875) (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
  80. Species Nitocra tridens (Bozic, 1969) accepted as Nitocrella tridens Bozic, 1969 accepted as Parapseudoleptomesochra tridens (Bozic, 1969)
  81. Species Nitocra affinis Gurney, 1927 represented as Nitocra affinis affinis Gurney, 1927
  82. Species Nitocra fallaciosa Klie, 1937 represented as Nitocra fallaciosa fallaciosa Klie, 1937
  83. Species Nitocra hibernica (Brady, 1880) represented as Nitocra hibernica hibernica (Brady, 1880)
  84. Species Nitocra lacustris (Schmankevitsch, 1875) represented as Nitocra lacustris lacustris (Schmankevitsch, 1875)
  85. Species Nitocra mediterranea Brian, 1928 represented as Nitocra mediterranea mediterranea Brian, 1928
  86. Species Nitocra pusilla Sars G.O., 1911 represented as Nitocra pusilla pusilla Sars G.O., 1911
  87. Species Nitocra reducta Schäfer, 1936 represented as Nitocra reducta reducta Schäfer, 1936
  88. Species Nitocra spinipes Boeck, 1865 represented as Nitocra spinipes spinipes Boeck, 1865
  89. Species Nitocra typica Boeck, 1865 represented as Nitocra typica typica Boeck, 1865
marine, brackish, fresh, terrestrial
Boeck, A. (1865). Oversigt over de ved Norges Kyster jagttagne Copepoder henhorende til Calanidernes, Cyclopidernes og Harpactidernes Familier. [Overview of the Copepods hunted on the coast of Norway belonging to the families Calanoidae, Cyclopoidae and Harpacticodidae.]. <em>Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania.</em> 1864: 226-282 [for 1864 however published in 1865]. [details] OpenAccess publication
Nomenclature Bowman (1988) argued that, following ICZN (3rd edition) arts. 11(b)(v), 33(c) and 79(c), Nitocra is an incorrect subsequent...  
Nomenclature Bowman (1988) argued that, following ICZN (3rd edition) arts. 11(b)(v), 33(c) and 79(c), Nitocra is an incorrect subsequent spelling, and Nitokra cannot be suppresed as an unused senior synonym, and therefore, the "commonly" used spelling Nitocra should be replaced by the original spelling Nitokra. Some years later, Mielke (1993) suggested that the spelling Nitocra should prevail since "apart from rare exceptions only the name Nitocra has been used since" the description of Nitokra mihi by Boeck (1865). Mielke (1993) suggested to follow Bowman's second choice, "to supress Nitokra and validate Nitocra, in accordance with usage". Some "principal changes" introduced in the 4th edition of the ICZN appear in pages XXVI-XXIX. Change number 12 says "In most cases an author will be required to maintain the particular spelling in prevailing use for a name, even if it is found not to be the original spelling;..."). Also, art 33.3. and 33.3.1. say: "Any subsequent spelling of a name different from the correct original spelling, other than a mandatory change or an emendation, is an "incorrect subsequent spelling"; it is not an available name and, like an incorrect original spelling [Art. 32.4], it does not enter into homonymy and cannot be used as a substitute name, but when an incorrect subsequent spelling is in prevailing usage and is attributed to the publication of the original spelling, the subsequent spelling and attribution are to be preserved and the spelling is deemed to be a correct original spelling." The same reasoning was used by Wells (2007:88) who says "Bowman (1988) recognised that the name of this common and speciose genus has been misspelt—as Nitocra— since 1881 and argued that the original spelling (Nitokra) should be resumed. Mielke (1993) disagreed, believing the name that had been in common use for so long should prevail. At that time Mielke’s view would have required a ruling from the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature but to the best of my knowledge a case was not submitted. However, the situation is now resolved—in favour of Nitocra—by the adoption in Article 33 of the 4th Edition of the ICZN, 1999, of a new section 33.3.1. which allows “an incorrect subsequent spelling” to stand when it is in “prevailing usage” and has always been properly attributed to the original author."

Gómez, Carrasco & Morales-Serna, 2012 followed Mielke (1993), Wells (2007) but above all, the ICZN (1999) arts. 33.3 and 33.3.1. In the opinion of Samuel Gomez, the spelling Nitokra should be replaced by Nitocra.
 [details]

Taxonomic remark this note is from Rony Huys 2023
Boeck (1865: 274) proposed the genus Nitokra Boeck, 1865 for two new species, N....  
Taxonomic remark this note is from Rony Huys 2023
Boeck (1865: 274) proposed the genus Nitokra Boeck, 1865 for two new species, N. typica (type species by indication) and N. spinipes. The incorrect subsequent spelling Nitocra by Giesbrecht (1881: 256) became established in common usage. Interestingly, both the correct original spelling (in the text, except for one occasion on p. 121) and the incorrect subsequent spelling (in the figure captions of Tables I, III–XII) were used by Giesbrecht (1882). Bowman (1988: 174) argued that the correct original spelling Nitokra should be resumed since according to Article 33(c) of the 3rd edition of the Code (ICZN 1985) Nitocra is not an emendation of any sort and is therefore an unavailable name that cannot be used as a substitute name which, if adopted, could have triggered the suppression of Nitokra under Article 79(c). Mielke (1993: 265) had previously advocated the continued application of the spelling Nitocra on the basis of common usage but under the 3rd edition of the Code this would have required a ruling from the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature on a case that was, however, never submitted. Wells (2007: 88) reverted to Giesbrecht’s spelling by invoking Article 33.3.1 of the 4th edition of the Code (ICZN 1999) which states that “... when an incorrect subsequent spelling is in prevailing usage and is attributed to the publication of the original spelling, the subsequent spelling and attribution are to be preserved and the spelling is deemed to be a correct original spelling.” Bowman (1988) was clearly correct at the time of writing, but Wells (2007) is right about usage under the 4th edition of the Code and thus Nitocra should continue to replace Nitokra.
 
Boeck, A. (1865) Oversigt over de ved Norges Kyster jagttagne Copepoder henhörende til Calanidernes, Cyclopidernes og Harpactidernes Familier. Forhandlinger i Videnskabsselskabet i Kristiania, 1864, 226–282.
Bowman, T.E. (1988) Nitokra sphaeromata, a new harpacticoid copepod crustacean associated with the wood-boring isopod, Sphaeroma peruvianum, in Costa Rica. Proceedings of the biological Society of Washington, 101, 171–175.
Giesbrecht, W. (1882) Die freilebenden Copepoden der Kieler Foehrde. Vierter Bericht der Commission zur wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung der deutschen Meere, in Kiel für die Jahre 1877 bis 1881 (I. Abtheilung), 87–168, plates I–XII.
Mielke, W. (1993) Species of the taxa Orthopsyllus and Nitocra(Copepoda) from Costa Rica. Microfauna marina, 8, 247–266.
Wells, J.B.J. (2007) An annotated checklist and keys to the species of Copepoda Harpacticoida (Crustacea). Zootaxa, 1568, 1–872.
  [details]
Walter, T.C.; Boxshall, G. (2025). World of Copepods Database. Nitocra Boeck, 1865. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=157705 on 2025-05-02
Date
action
by
2005-05-24 07:32:08Z
created
Cuvelier, Daphne
2007-03-19 12:59:56Z
changed
Vanhoorne, Bart
2010-07-28 20:41:46Z
checked
Walter, T. Chad
2023-05-04 07:23:46Z
changed
Bernot, James
2023-07-31 12:46:31Z
changed
Walter, T. Chad
2023-08-07 11:45:48Z
changed
Walter, T. Chad

Creative Commons License The webpage text is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License


Nomenclature

original description Boeck, A. (1865). Oversigt over de ved Norges Kyster jagttagne Copepoder henhorende til Calanidernes, Cyclopidernes og Harpactidernes Familier. [Overview of the Copepods hunted on the coast of Norway belonging to the families Calanoidae, Cyclopoidae and Harpacticodidae.]. <em>Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania.</em> 1864: 226-282 [for 1864 however published in 1865]. [details] OpenAccess publication

original description (of Nitocrameira Liddell, 1912) Liddell, J.A. (1912). Nitocrameira bdellurae, nov. gen. et sp., a copepod of the family Canthocamptidae, parasitic in the egg-cases of Bdellura. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology 32:87-94, figs. 1-2, pls. 10-11. [details] OpenAccess publication

original description (of Transfuga Schmankevitsch, 1875) Schmankevitsch, V.I. (1875). Nekotoryya rakoobraznyya solyano-ozernykh' i presnykh vod' i otneshenie ikh' k' srede.[ Some Crustacea of salt and freshwater lakes, and their relation to the surrounding environment.]. <em>Zapiski Novorossiiskago Obshchestva Estestvoispytatelei (= Mémoires de la Société des Naturalistes de la Nouvelle Russie, Odessa).</em> 3(2):1-391, pls. 1-5. [details] OpenAccess publication

original description (of Nitokra Boeck, 1865) Boeck, A. (1865). Oversigt over de ved Norges Kyster jagttagne Copepoder henhorende til Calanidernes, Cyclopidernes og Harpactidernes Familier. [Overview of the Copepods hunted on the coast of Norway belonging to the families Calanoidae, Cyclopoidae and Harpacticodidae.]. <em>Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania.</em> 1864: 226-282 [for 1864 however published in 1865]. [details] OpenAccess publication

basis of record Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). , available online at http://www.itis.gov [details] 

Other

additional source Lang, K. (1965). Copepoda Harpacticoida from the Californian Pacific coast. <em>Kungliga Svenska Vetensk-Akademiens Handlingar, Fjarde Serien. Almquist & Wiksell, Stockholm.</em> 10(2):1-560, figs. 1-303, pls. 1-6. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors  PDF available [request]

additional source Lewis, M.H. (1980). Systematic studies on the New Zealand freshwater Harpacticoida (Crustacea: Copepoda). <em>Ph.D. Thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.</em> 314 pp., available online at https://hdl.handle.net/2292/1599
note: The author described a form of Nitocra, Nitocra spp. [details] 

additional source Gómez, S., N.K. Carrasco & F.N. Morales-Serna. (2012). A new species of Nitocra Boeck, 1865 (Harpacticoida, Ameiridae, Ameirinae) from South Africa, with notes on its ecology and remarks on the statusof Nitocra sewelli husmanni Kunz, 1976. <em>Zookeys.</em> 244:33-58., available online at https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.244.2633 [details] Available for editors  PDF available [request]

 
 Present  Inaccurate  Introduced: alien  Containing type locality 
From editor or global species database
Nomenclature Bowman (1988) argued that, following ICZN (3rd edition) arts. 11(b)(v), 33(c) and 79(c), Nitocra is an incorrect subsequent spelling, and Nitokra cannot be suppresed as an unused senior synonym, and therefore, the "commonly" used spelling Nitocra should be replaced by the original spelling Nitokra. Some years later, Mielke (1993) suggested that the spelling Nitocra should prevail since "apart from rare exceptions only the name Nitocra has been used since" the description of Nitokra mihi by Boeck (1865). Mielke (1993) suggested to follow Bowman's second choice, "to supress Nitokra and validate Nitocra, in accordance with usage". Some "principal changes" introduced in the 4th edition of the ICZN appear in pages XXVI-XXIX. Change number 12 says "In most cases an author will be required to maintain the particular spelling in prevailing use for a name, even if it is found not to be the original spelling;..."). Also, art 33.3. and 33.3.1. say: "Any subsequent spelling of a name different from the correct original spelling, other than a mandatory change or an emendation, is an "incorrect subsequent spelling"; it is not an available name and, like an incorrect original spelling [Art. 32.4], it does not enter into homonymy and cannot be used as a substitute name, but when an incorrect subsequent spelling is in prevailing usage and is attributed to the publication of the original spelling, the subsequent spelling and attribution are to be preserved and the spelling is deemed to be a correct original spelling." The same reasoning was used by Wells (2007:88) who says "Bowman (1988) recognised that the name of this common and speciose genus has been misspelt—as Nitocra— since 1881 and argued that the original spelling (Nitokra) should be resumed. Mielke (1993) disagreed, believing the name that had been in common use for so long should prevail. At that time Mielke’s view would have required a ruling from the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature but to the best of my knowledge a case was not submitted. However, the situation is now resolved—in favour of Nitocra—by the adoption in Article 33 of the 4th Edition of the ICZN, 1999, of a new section 33.3.1. which allows “an incorrect subsequent spelling” to stand when it is in “prevailing usage” and has always been properly attributed to the original author."

Gómez, Carrasco & Morales-Serna, 2012 followed Mielke (1993), Wells (2007) but above all, the ICZN (1999) arts. 33.3 and 33.3.1. In the opinion of Samuel Gomez, the spelling Nitokra should be replaced by Nitocra.
 [details]

Taxonomic remark this note is from Rony Huys 2023
Boeck (1865: 274) proposed the genus Nitokra Boeck, 1865 for two new species, N. typica (type species by indication) and N. spinipes. The incorrect subsequent spelling Nitocra by Giesbrecht (1881: 256) became established in common usage. Interestingly, both the correct original spelling (in the text, except for one occasion on p. 121) and the incorrect subsequent spelling (in the figure captions of Tables I, III–XII) were used by Giesbrecht (1882). Bowman (1988: 174) argued that the correct original spelling Nitokra should be resumed since according to Article 33(c) of the 3rd edition of the Code (ICZN 1985) Nitocra is not an emendation of any sort and is therefore an unavailable name that cannot be used as a substitute name which, if adopted, could have triggered the suppression of Nitokra under Article 79(c). Mielke (1993: 265) had previously advocated the continued application of the spelling Nitocra on the basis of common usage but under the 3rd edition of the Code this would have required a ruling from the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature on a case that was, however, never submitted. Wells (2007: 88) reverted to Giesbrecht’s spelling by invoking Article 33.3.1 of the 4th edition of the Code (ICZN 1999) which states that “... when an incorrect subsequent spelling is in prevailing usage and is attributed to the publication of the original spelling, the subsequent spelling and attribution are to be preserved and the spelling is deemed to be a correct original spelling.” Bowman (1988) was clearly correct at the time of writing, but Wells (2007) is right about usage under the 4th edition of the Code and thus Nitocra should continue to replace Nitokra.
 
Boeck, A. (1865) Oversigt over de ved Norges Kyster jagttagne Copepoder henhörende til Calanidernes, Cyclopidernes og Harpactidernes Familier. Forhandlinger i Videnskabsselskabet i Kristiania, 1864, 226–282.
Bowman, T.E. (1988) Nitokra sphaeromata, a new harpacticoid copepod crustacean associated with the wood-boring isopod, Sphaeroma peruvianum, in Costa Rica. Proceedings of the biological Society of Washington, 101, 171–175.
Giesbrecht, W. (1882) Die freilebenden Copepoden der Kieler Foehrde. Vierter Bericht der Commission zur wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung der deutschen Meere, in Kiel für die Jahre 1877 bis 1881 (I. Abtheilung), 87–168, plates I–XII.
Mielke, W. (1993) Species of the taxa Orthopsyllus and Nitocra(Copepoda) from Costa Rica. Microfauna marina, 8, 247–266.
Wells, J.B.J. (2007) An annotated checklist and keys to the species of Copepoda Harpacticoida (Crustacea). Zootaxa, 1568, 1–872.
  [details]
    Definitions

Loading...


2 spellings in use: Nitocra vs Nitokra Document hosted within WoRMS 
3x5 C.B. Wilson Taxonomic Card - Nitocra Document hosted within WoRMS 
3x5 C.B. Wilson Taxonomic Card - Nitocrameira Document hosted within WoRMS (from synonym Nitocrameira Liddell, 1912)
3x5 C.B. Wilson Taxonomic Card - Nitokra Document hosted within WoRMS (from synonym Nitokra Boeck, 1865)
3x5 C.B. Wilson Taxonomic Card - Transfuga Document hosted within WoRMS (from synonym Transfuga Schmankevitsch, 1875)
3x5 J.S. Ho Taxonomic Card - Nitocrameira Document hosted within WoRMS (from synonym Nitocrameira Liddell, 1912)
3x5 J.S. Ho Taxonomic Card - Nitokra Document hosted within WoRMS (from synonym Nitokra Boeck, 1865)
Speling: Nitokra vs Nitocra Document hosted within WoRMS (from synonym Nitokra Boeck, 1865)
To European Nucleotide Archive, ENA (Nitokra) (from synonym Nitokra Boeck, 1865)
To Genbank 
To Genbank (from synonym Nitokra Boeck, 1865)
To ITIS