Copepoda source details
Bernot, J.P, G.A. Boxshall, T.C. Kihara & P.M. Arbizu. (2025). An Updated Key to the Genera of Caligidae (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida.). Journal of Parasitology. 111(1):10-25.
502087
10.1645/24-97 [view]
Bernot, J.P, G.A. Boxshall, T.C. Kihara & P.M. Arbizu
2025
An Updated Key to the Genera of Caligidae (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida.)
Journal of Parasitology
111(1):10-25.
Publication
Available for editors
[request]

Members of the copepod family Caligidae are some of the most common parasites of marine fishes. There are 503 recognized species divided into about 30 genera, with 75% of species belonging to the 2 largest genera, Caligus and Lepeophtheirus. More than 30 caligid species are known to cause serious pathologic changes as ectoparasites in marine teleost aquaculture. This study was undertaken to provide a key to the valid genera of Caligidae, to examine their morphology in new detail with confocal laser scanning microscopy, and to review uncertainties concerning boundaries between several genera. There have been several substantial changes to the taxonomy of Caligidae over the last decade: Metacaligus, Sciaenophilus, and Sinocaligus have been synonymized with Caligus and the validity of Midias has been questioned. Here, we formally propose that Midias and Markevichus are junior subjective synonyms of Caligus. In total, we recognize 27 valid genera; provide a key to these genera; present confocal laser scanning micrographs for 25 of the genera, many of which have never been imaged before; and highlight helpful diagnostic features used in the key. We also discuss some concerns regarding the generic boundaries separating Belizia, Caritus, Parapetalus, Parechetus, Pseudechetus, and Synestius from Caligus and those separating Anuretes, Pseudanuretes, and Mappates from Lepeophtheirus.
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Abasia platyrostris Pillai, 1963 (additional source)
Alanlewisia fallolunulus (Lewis, A.G., 1967) (additional source)
Alebion gracilis Wilson C.B., 1905 (additional source)
Anchicaligus nautili Stebbing, 1900 (additional source)
Anuretes heckelii (Krøyer, 1863) (additional source)
Avitocaligus assurgericola Boxshall & Justine, 2005 (additional source)
Belizia brevicauda Cressey, 1990 (additional source)
Caligidae Burmeister, 1835 (taxonomy source)
Caligodes laciniatus (Krøyer, 1863) (additional source)
Caligodes megacephalus Wilson C.B., 1905 accepted as Caligodes laciniatus (Krøyer, 1863) (additional source)
Caligus confusus Pillai N.K., 1961 (additional source)
Caligus diaphanus von Nordmann, 1832 (additional source)
Caligus epidemicus Hewitt, 1971 (additional source)
Caligus furcisetifer Redkar, Rangnekar & Murti, 1949 (additional source)
Caligus ponticus (Markevich, 1940) accepted as Markevichus ponticus (Markevich, 1940) (new combination reference)
Caligus schlegeli Ho & Lin, 2003 (additional source)
Echetus typicus Krøyer, 1864 (additional source)
Euryphorus brachypterus (Gerstaecker, 1853) (additional source)
Hermilius longicornis Bassett-Smith, 1898 (additional source)
Kabataella indica Prabha & Pillai, 1984 (additional source)
Lepeophtheirus atypicus Lin, Ho & Chen, 1996 (additional source)
Lepeophtheirus pectoralis (Müller O.F., 1776) (additional source)
Mappates plataxus Rangnekar, 1958 (additional source)
Markevichus Özdikmen, 2008 accepted as Caligus Müller O.F., 1785 (additional source)
Metacaligus Thomsen, 1949 accepted as Caligus Müller O.F., 1785 (additional source)
Midias Wilson C.B., 1911 accepted as Caligus Müller O.F., 1785 (source of synonymy)
Paralebion elongatus Wilson C.B., 1911 (additional source)
Parapetalus occidentalis Wilson C.B., 1908 (additional source)
Parechetus carangis (Bassett-Smith, 1898) (additional source)
Pseudanuretes papernai Kabata & Deets, 1988 (additional source)
Pseudechetus fimbriatus Prabha & Pillai, 1979 (additional source)
Pupulina flores Beneden, 1892 (additional source)
Synestius caliginus Steenstrup & Lütken, 1861 (additional source)
Tuxophorus caligodes Wilson C.B., 1908 (additional source)
Alanlewisia fallolunulus (Lewis, A.G., 1967) (additional source)
Alebion gracilis Wilson C.B., 1905 (additional source)
Anchicaligus nautili Stebbing, 1900 (additional source)
Anuretes heckelii (Krøyer, 1863) (additional source)
Avitocaligus assurgericola Boxshall & Justine, 2005 (additional source)
Belizia brevicauda Cressey, 1990 (additional source)
Caligidae Burmeister, 1835 (taxonomy source)
Caligodes laciniatus (Krøyer, 1863) (additional source)
Caligodes megacephalus Wilson C.B., 1905 accepted as Caligodes laciniatus (Krøyer, 1863) (additional source)
Caligus confusus Pillai N.K., 1961 (additional source)
Caligus diaphanus von Nordmann, 1832 (additional source)
Caligus epidemicus Hewitt, 1971 (additional source)
Caligus furcisetifer Redkar, Rangnekar & Murti, 1949 (additional source)
Caligus ponticus (Markevich, 1940) accepted as Markevichus ponticus (Markevich, 1940) (new combination reference)
Caligus schlegeli Ho & Lin, 2003 (additional source)
Echetus typicus Krøyer, 1864 (additional source)
Euryphorus brachypterus (Gerstaecker, 1853) (additional source)
Hermilius longicornis Bassett-Smith, 1898 (additional source)
Kabataella indica Prabha & Pillai, 1984 (additional source)
Lepeophtheirus atypicus Lin, Ho & Chen, 1996 (additional source)
Lepeophtheirus pectoralis (Müller O.F., 1776) (additional source)
Mappates plataxus Rangnekar, 1958 (additional source)
Markevichus Özdikmen, 2008 accepted as Caligus Müller O.F., 1785 (additional source)
Metacaligus Thomsen, 1949 accepted as Caligus Müller O.F., 1785 (additional source)
Midias Wilson C.B., 1911 accepted as Caligus Müller O.F., 1785 (source of synonymy)
Paralebion elongatus Wilson C.B., 1911 (additional source)
Parapetalus occidentalis Wilson C.B., 1908 (additional source)
Parechetus carangis (Bassett-Smith, 1898) (additional source)
Pseudanuretes papernai Kabata & Deets, 1988 (additional source)
Pseudechetus fimbriatus Prabha & Pillai, 1979 (additional source)
Pupulina flores Beneden, 1892 (additional source)
Synestius caliginus Steenstrup & Lütken, 1861 (additional source)
Tuxophorus caligodes Wilson C.B., 1908 (additional source)