WoRMS

WoRMS taxon details

Parazoanthidae Delage & Hérouard, 1901

Black coral diversity

AphiaID

100689 (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:100689)

Classification

Status

accepted

Rank

Family

Type taxon

Parazoanthus Haddon & Shackleton, 1891 (type by original designation)

Parent

Macrocnemina

Synonymised names

Bergiidae Verrill, 1869 · alternative representation (Nomen oblitum)

Heterozoanthidae Pax & Müller, 1956 · unaccepted (junior synonym)

Savagliidae Brook, 1889 · unaccepted (senior synonym but unused)

Savaliidae Poche, 1914 · unaccepted (junior synonym)

Savalini Nardo, 1844 · unaccepted (senior synonym but unused)

All children (159)

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Genus Antipathozoanthus Sinniger, Reimer & Pawlowski, 2010
1. Species Antipathozoanthus cavernus Kise, Fujii, Masucci, Biondi & Reimer, 2017
2. Species Antipathozoanthus hickmani Reimer & Fujii, 2010
3. Species Antipathozoanthus macaronesicus (Ocana & Brito, 2003)
4. Species Antipathozoanthus obscurus Kise, Fujii, Masucci, Biondi & Reimer, 2017
5. Species Antipathozoanthus remengesaui Kise, Fujii, Masucci, Biondi & Reimer, 2017
6. Species Antipathozoanthus tubus Kise, Obuchi & Reimer, 2021
Genus Bergia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860
1. Species Bergia catenularis Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860
2. Species Bergia cutressi (West, 1979)
3. Species Bergia puertoricense (West, 1979)
4. Species Bergia vialactea Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860 accepted as Parazoanthus catenularis (Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860)
5. Species Bergia serpens (uncertain > unassessed)
Genus Bullagummizoanthus Sinniger, Ocaña & Baco, 2013
1. Species Bullagummizoanthus emilyacadiaarum Sinniger, Ocaña & Baco, 2013
Genus Churabana Kise, Montenegro & Reimer, 2021
1. Species Churabana kuroshioae Kise, Montenegro & Reimer, 2021
Genus Corallizoanthus Reimer in Reimer Nonaka Sinniger & Iwase, 2008
1. Species Corallizoanthus tsukaharai Reimer in Reimer Nonaka Sinniger & Iwase, 2008
Genus Hurlizoanthus Sinniger, Ocaña & Baco, 2013
1. Species Hurlizoanthus hirondelleae Carreiro-Silva, Ocaña, Stanković, Sampaio, Porteiro, Fabri & Stefanni, 2017
2. Species Hurlizoanthus parrishi Sinniger, Ocaña & Baco, 2013
Genus Isozoanthus Carlgren in Chun, 1903
1. Species Isozoanthus africanus Carlgren, 1923
2. Species Isozoanthus altisulcatus Carlgren, 1939
3. Species Isozoanthus arborescens Danielssen, 1890
4. Species Isozoanthus arenosus Carlgren, 1923
5. Species Isozoanthus bulbosus Carlgren, 1913
6. Species Isozoanthus capensis Carlgren, 1938
7. Species Isozoanthus davisi Carlgren, 1913
8. Species Isozoanthus dubius Carlgren, 1913
9. Species Isozoanthus giganteus Carlgren in Chun, 1903
10. Species Isozoanthus gilchristi Carlgren, 1938
11. Species Isozoanthus ingolfi Carlgren, 1913
12. Species Isozoanthus islandicus Carlgren, 1913
13. Species Isozoanthus magninsulosus Carlgren, 1913
14. Species Isozoanthus multinsulosus Carlgren, 1913
15. Species Isozoanthus sulcatus (Gosse, 1860)
16. Species Isozoanthus valdivae Carlgren, 1923
17. Species Isozoanthus antumbrosus Swain, 2009 represented as Hydrozoanthus antumbrosus (Swain, 2009)
18. Species Isozoanthus gigantus Pax, 1934 represented as Isozoanthus giganteus Carlgren in Chun, 1903 (misspelling.)
19. Species Isozoanthus primnoidus Carreiro-Silva, Braga-Henriques, Sampaio, de Matos, Porteiro & Ocana, 2010 represented as Zibrowius primnoidus Carreiro-Silva, Braga-Henriques, Sampaio, de Matos, Porteiro & Ocana, 2010
20. Species Isozoanthus danicus Carlgren, 1913 (uncertain > unassessed)
21. Species Isozoanthus mirabilis Lewis, 1965 (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
Genus Kauluzoanthus Sinniger, Ocaña & Baco, 2013
1. Species Kauluzoanthus kerbyi Sinniger, Ocaña & Baco, 2013
Genus Kulamanamana Sinniger, Ocaña & Baco, 2013
1. Species Kulamanamana haumeaae Sinniger, Ocaña & Baco, 2013
Genus Mesozoanthus Sinniger & Haussermann, 2009
1. Species Mesozoanthus fossii Sinniger & Haussermann, 2009
2. Species Mesozoanthus lilkweminensis Reimer & Sinniger, 2010
Genus Parachurabana Kise, 2023
1. Species Parachurabana shinseimaruae Kise, 2023
Genus Parazoanthus Haddon & Shackleton, 1891
1. Species Parazoanthus aliceae Carreiro-Silva, Ocaña, Stanković, Sampaio, Porteiro, Fabri & Stefanni, 2017
2. Species Parazoanthus anguicomus (Norman, 1869)
3. Species Parazoanthus antarcticus Carlgren, 1927
4. Species Parazoanthus aruensis Pax, 1911
5. Species Parazoanthus atlanticus Montenegro, Hoeksema, Santos, Kise & Reimer, 2020
6. Species Parazoanthus axinellae (Schmidt, 1862)
  1. Subspecies Parazoanthus axinellae adriaticus Pax, 1937
  2. Subspecies Parazoanthus axinellae liguricus Pax, 1937
  3. Subspecies Parazoanthus axinellae muelleri Pax, 1957
  4. Subspecies Parazoanthus axinellae brevitentacularis Abel, 1959 accepted as Parazoanthus brevitentacularis Abel, 1959 (unaccepted > superseded rank)
  5. Subspecies Parazoanthus axinellae mülleri Pax, 1957 accepted as Parazoanthus axinellae muelleri Pax, 1957 (unaccepted > misspelling - incorrect original spelling)
  6. Subspecies Parazoanthus axinellae typica (uncertain > unassessed)
7. Species Parazoanthus brevitentacularis Abel, 1959
8. Species Parazoanthus capensis Duerden, 1907
9. Species Parazoanthus darwini Reimer & Fujii, 2010
10. Species Parazoanthus dichroicus Haddon A.C. & Shackleton A.M., 1891
11. Species Parazoanthus douglasi Haddon & Shackleton, 1891
12. Species Parazoanthus elongatus McMurrich, 1904
13. Species Parazoanthus franciscae Ocaña & Rosales Ruiz, 2025
14. Species Parazoanthus fuegiensis Carlgren, 1899
15. Species Parazoanthus haddoni Carlgren, 1913
16. Species Parazoanthus juan-fernandezii Carlgren, 1922
17. Species Parazoanthus lividum Cutress, 1971
18. Species Parazoanthus swiftii (Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860)
19. Species Parazoanthus catenularis (Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860) accepted as Bergia catenularis Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860
20. Species Parazoanthus cutressi (West, 1979) accepted as Bergia cutressi (West, 1979)
21. Species Parazoanthus dixoni Haddon & Shackleton, 1891 accepted as Parazoanthus axinellae (Schmidt, 1862) (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
22. Species Parazoanthus gracilis (Lwowsky, 1913) accepted as Hydrozoanthus gracilis (Lwowsky, 1913) (new combination)
23. Species Parazoanthus hertwigi Haddon & Shackleton, 1891 (unaccepted > nomen nudum)
24. Species Parazoanthus leptoderma Cutress & Pequegnat, 1960 accepted as Epizoanthus leptoderma Cutress & Pequenat, 1960 (input error)
25. Species Parazoanthus lucificum Cutress & Pequenat, 1960 accepted as Savalia lucifica (Cutress C.E. & Pequegnat W.E., 1960) (new combination)
26. Species Parazoanthus parasiticus (Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860) accepted as Umimayanthus parasiticus (Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860) (Moved to genus Umimayanthus)
27. Species Parazoanthus puertoricense West, 1979 accepted as Bergia puertoricense (West, 1979)
28. Species Parazoanthus separatus Duerden, 1900 accepted as Parazoanthus parasiticus (Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860)
29. Species Parazoanthus sulcatus accepted as Isozoanthus sulcatus (Gosse, 1860) (new combination)
30. Species Parazoanthus tunicans Duerden, 1900 accepted as Hydrozoanthus tunicans (Duerden, 1900)
31. Species Parazoanthus adriaticus Pax (uncertain > unassessed)
32. Species Parazoanthus cnidosus (Lwowsky) (uncertain > unassessed)
33. Species Parazoanthus giganteus (uncertain > unassessed)
34. Species Parazoanthus howesii Haddon & Shackleton (uncertain > unassessed)
35. Species Parazoanthus kochii Haddon & Shackleton (uncertain > unassessed)
36. Species Parazoanthus liguricus Pax (uncertain > unassessed)
37. Species Parazoanthus mcmurrichi (uncertain > unassessed)
38. Species Parazoanthus monostichus Duerden, 1900 (uncertain > unassessed)
39. Species Parazoanthus mulleri Pax (uncertain > unassessed)
40. Species Parazoanthus problematicus Pax & Arndt (uncertain > unassessed)
Genus Savalia Nardo, 1844
1. Species Savalia lucifica (Cutress C.E. & Pequegnat W.E., 1960)
2. Species Savalia savaglia (Bertoloni, 1819)
3. Subgenus Savalia (Gerardia) accepted as Gerardia Lacaze-Duthiers, 1864 (input error)
  1. Species Savalia (Gerardia) macaronesica accepted as Gerardia macaronesica Ocana & Brito, 2003 (input error)
  2. Species Savalia (Gerardia) savaglia (Bertoloni, 1819) accepted as Savalia savaglia (Bertoloni, 1819) (input error)
Genus Umimayanthus Montenegro, Sinniger & Reimer, 2015
1. Species Umimayanthus aruensis (Pax, 1911)
2. Species Umimayanthus chanpuru Montenegro, Sinniger & Reimer, 2015
3. Species Umimayanthus discolor Montenegro, Kise and Reimer
4. Species Umimayanthus jebarra Montenegro, Kise and Reimer
5. Species Umimayanthus kanabou Fujii, dos Santos & Reimer, 2021
6. Species Umimayanthus lynherensis Montenegro, Kise and Reimer
7. Species Umimayanthus miyabi Montenegro, Sinniger & Reimer, 2015
8. Species Umimayanthus nakama Montenegro, Sinniger & Reimer, 2015
9. Species Umimayanthus parasiticus (Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860)
10. Species Umimayanthus raksasa Montenegro, Kise and Reimer
11. Species Umimayanthus wunanggu Montenegro, Kise and Reimer
Genus Vitrumanthus Kise, Montenegro & Reimer, 2022
1. Species Vitrumanthus flosculus Kise & Reimer, 2024
2. Species Vitrumanthus oligomyarius (Wassilieff, 1908)
3. Species Vitrumanthus schrieri Kise, Montenegro & Reimer, 2022
4. Species Vitrumanthus vanderlandi Kise, Montenegro & Reimer, 2022
Genus Zibrowius Sinniger, Ocaña & Baco, 2013
1. Species Zibrowius alberti Carreiro-Silva, Ocaña, Stanković, Sampaio, Porteiro, Fabri & Stefanni, 2017
2. Species Zibrowius ammophilus Sinniger, Ocaña & Baco, 2013
3. Species Zibrowius primnoidus Carreiro-Silva, Braga-Henriques, Sampaio, de Matos, Porteiro & Ocana, 2010
Genus Gemmaria Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860 accepted as Haplotella Stechow, 1919 (junior homonym)
1. Species Gemmaria arenacea Wilsmore, 1909 accepted as Palythoa mutuki (Haddon & Shackleton, 1891) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
2. Species Gemmaria brevis (Duchassaing, 1850) accepted as Palythoa brevis (Duchassaing, 1850) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
3. Species Gemmaria clavata (Duchassaing, 1850) accepted as Palythoa clavata (Duchassaing, 1850) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
4. Species Gemmaria sulcata (Gosse, 1860) accepted as Isozoanthus sulcatus (Gosse, 1860) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
5. Species Gemmaria swiftii Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860 accepted as Parazoanthus swiftii (Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860)
6. Species Gemmaria variabilis Duerden, 1898 accepted as Palythoa heideri Carlgren, 1954
7. Species Gemmaria aspera Carlgren, 1900 (uncertain > unassessed)
8. Species Gemmaria canariensis Haddon & Duerden, 1896 (uncertain > unassessed)
9. Species Gemmaria fusca Duerden, 1898 (uncertain > unassessed)
10. Species Gemmaria isolata McMurrich, 1889 (uncertain > unassessed)
11. Species Gemmaria macmurrichi Haddon & Shackleton, 1891 (uncertain > unassessed)
12. Species Gemmaria marquesana Boone, 1938 (uncertain > unassessed)
13. Species Gemmaria mcmurrichi Haddon & Shackleton (uncertain > unassessed)
14. Species Gemmaria multisulcata Carlgren, 1900 (uncertain > unassessed)
15. Species Gemmaria mutuki Haddon & Shackleton, 1891 (uncertain > unassessed)
16. Species Gemmaria oligomyaria Wassilieff, 1908 (uncertain > unassessed)
17. Species Gemmaria paguricola (uncertain > unassessed)
18. Species Gemmaria philippinensis (Gray, 1867) (uncertain > unassessed)
19. Species Gemmaria rusei Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860 (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
20. Species Gemmaria tubulifera Carlgren, 1900 (uncertain > unassessed)
21. Species Gemmaria willeyi Whitelegge, 1899 (uncertain > unassessed)
Genus Gerardia Lacaze-Duthiers, 1864 accepted as Savalia Nardo, 1844 (younger synonym)
1. Species Gerardia lamarcki Lacaze-Duthiers, 1864 accepted as Savalia savaglia (Bertoloni, 1819) (Junior synonym)
2. Species Gerardia macaronesica Ocana & Brito, 2003 accepted as Antipathozoanthus macaronesicus (Ocana & Brito, 2003) (new combination)
3. Species Gerardia savaglia (Bertoloni, 1819) accepted as Savalia savaglia (Bertoloni, 1819) (priority in synonymy)
4. Species Gerardia savalia (Bertoloni, 1819) accepted as Savalia savaglia (Bertoloni, 1819) (misspelling, priority in synonymy)
Genus Savaglia Nardo, 1877 accepted as Savalia Nardo, 1844 (unaccepted > misspelling - incorrect subsequent spelling)
1. Species Savaglia lamarcki (Haime, 1849) accepted as Savalia savaglia (Bertoloni, 1819) (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
Genus Taeniothoa Andres, 1883 accepted as Isozoanthus Carlgren in Chun, 1903 (unaccepted > nomen oblitum)
1. Species Taeniothoa sulcata (Gosse, 1860) accepted as Isozoanthus sulcatus (Gosse, 1860) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
Genus Haplotella Stechow, 1919 (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)

Environment

marine, ~~brackish~~, ~~fresh~~, ~~terrestrial~~

Original description

Delage, Y.; Hérouard, E. (1901). Traité de zoologie concrète. Tome II – Deuxième partie. Les coelentérés. Paris: Schleicher Frères. 848 pp., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52123450 [details]

Taxonomic citation

Reimer, J.D.; Sinniger, F. (2025). World List of Zoantharia. Parazoanthidae Delage & Hérouard, 1901. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=100689 on 2025-07-29

Taxonomic edit history

Date

action

2004-12-21 15:54:05Z

created

van der Land, Jacob

2008-09-06 18:40:41Z

changed

Vanden Berghe, Edward

2010-01-02 22:01:31Z

checked

Reimer, James Davis

2011-10-04 13:36:00Z

changed

Reimer, James Davis

2013-01-10 00:32:39Z

changed

Sinniger, Frederic

Licensing

The webpage text is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License

[taxonomic tree] [list species]

Nomenclature

original description Delage, Y.; Hérouard, E. (1901). Traité de zoologie concrète. Tome II – Deuxième partie. Les coelentérés. Paris: Schleicher Frères. 848 pp., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52123450 [details]

basis of record van der Land, J.; den Hartog, J.H. (2001). Actiniaria, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 106-109 (look up in IMIS) [details]

Other

additional source Sinniger F, Ocaña OV, Baco AR (2013) Diversity of Zoanthids (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) on Hawaiian Seamounts: Description of the Hawaiian Gold Coral and Additional Zoanthids. PLoS ONE 8(1): e52607. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052607, available online at http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052607 [details]

additional source Sinniger, F.; Reimer, J.D.; Pawlowski, J. (2010). The Parazoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) DNA taxonomy: description of two new genera. Marine Biodiversity, 40(1), 57-70. [details]

additional source Hayward, P.J. & J.S. Ryland (Eds.). (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK. 627 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details] Available for editors