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Coppard, S.E. & Lessios, H.A. (2017). Phylogeography of the sand dollar genus Encope: implications regarding the Central American Isthmus and rates of molecular evolution. Scientific Reports. 7(1): 11520.
358911
10.1038/s41598-017-11875-w [view]
Coppard, S.E. & Lessios, H.A.
2017
Phylogeography of the sand dollar genus Encope: implications regarding the Central American Isthmus and rates of molecular evolution
Scientific Reports
7(1): 11520
Publication
Vicariant events have been widely used to calibrate rates of molecular evolution, the completion of the Central American Isthmus more extensively than any other. Recent studies have claimed that rather than the generally accepted date of ~3 million years ago (Ma), the Isthmus was effectively complete by the middle Miocene, 13 Ma. We present a fossil calibrated phylogeny of the new world sand dollar genus Encope, based on one nuclear and four mitochondrial genes, calibrated with fossils at multiple nodes. Present day distributions of Encope are likely the result of multiple range contractions and extinction events. Most species are now endemic to a single region, but one widely distributed species in each ocean is composed of morphotypes previously described as separate species. The most recent separation between eastern Pacific and Caribbean extant clades occurred at 4.90 Ma, indicating that the Isthmus of Panama allowed genetic exchange until the Pliocene. The rate of evolution of mitochondrial genes in Encope has been ten times slower than in the closely related genera Mellita and Lanthonia. This large difference in rates suggests that splits between eastern Pacific and Caribbean biota, dated on the assumption of a “universal” mitochondrial DNA clock are not valid.
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2019-11-09 15:48:06Z
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Kroh, Andreas

Encope L. Agassiz, 1840 (status source)
Encope (Echinadesma) Phelan, 1972 accepted as Encope L. Agassiz, 1840 (status source)
Encope borealis A.H. Clark, 1946 (status source)
Encope californica Verrill, 1870 (status source)
Encope emarginata (Leske, 1778) (status source)
Encope galapagensis A.H. Clark, 1946 (status source)
Encope grandis L. Agassiz, 1841 (status source)
Encope laevis H.L. Clark, 1948 accepted as Encope micropora L. Agassiz, 1841 (status source)
Encope michelini L. Agassiz, 1841 (status source)
Encope micropora L. Agassiz, 1841 (status source)
Encope micropora borealis A.H. Clark, 1946 accepted as Encope borealis A.H. Clark, 1946 (status source)
Encope micropora cocosi H.L. Clark, 1948 accepted as Encope micropora L. Agassiz, 1841 (status source)
Encope micropora ecuadorensis H.L. Clark, 1948 accepted as Encope micropora L. Agassiz, 1841 (status source)
Encope micropora fragilis H.L. Clark, 1948 accepted as Encope micropora L. Agassiz, 1841 (status source)
Encope micropora insularis H.L. Clark, 1948 (status source)
Encope micropora irregularis H.L. Clark, 1948 accepted as Encope micropora L. Agassiz, 1841 (status source)
Encope micropora tetrapora L. Agassiz, 1841 accepted as Encope micropora L. Agassiz, 1841 (status source)
Encope oblonga L. Agassiz, 1841 accepted as Encope emarginata (Leske, 1778) (status source)
Encope perspectiva L. Agassiz, 1841 accepted as Encope micropora L. Agassiz, 1841 (status source)
Encope subclausa L. Agassiz, 1841 accepted as Encope emarginata (Leske, 1778) (status source)
Encope valenciennesii L. Agassiz, 1841 accepted as Encope emarginata (Leske, 1778) (status source)
Encope wetmorei A.H. Clark, 1946 accepted as Encope micropora L. Agassiz, 1841 (status source)
 Fossil range
 for Encope aberrans Martens, 1867

Encope aberrans has been recorded from the Late Pliocene (3.60-2.59 Ma) (Intracoastal Limestone of the Florida ... [details]
 Fossil range
 for Encope arcensis Durham, 1950

Conflicting records regarding the existence of E. arcensis in the modern fauna. The original author (Durham, 1940) ... [details]
 Fossil range
 for Encope borealis A.H. Clark, 1946

Encope borealis has been recorded (CASG 68681) from Pleistocene deposits between Puerto Peñasco and Punta ... [details]
 Fossil range
 for Encope californica Verrill, 1870

Durham (1940) reported E. californica, and E. micropora from the Pleistocene of the Gulf of California. (Coppard & ... [details]
 Fossil range
 for Encope emarginata (Leske, 1778)

Fossil E. emarginata has been reported from the Late Pliocene (3.60-2.59 Ma) of the Caribbean and Venezuela and the ... [details]
 Fossil range
 for Encope galapagensis A.H. Clark, 1946

Fossil E. galapagensis from the limestone of Isla Santa Cruz [California Academy of Sciences, Geology (CASG) ... [details]
 Fossil range
 for Encope grandis L. Agassiz, 1841

Durham (1940) described possible fossil representatives of E. grandis as ancestral species/subspecies, with E. ... [details]
 Fossil range
 for Encope michelini L. Agassiz, 1841

E. michelini has been reported from the Middle Pleistocene (0.78-0.12 Ma) from St. Lucie County, Florida. (FLMNH/UF ... [details]
 Fossil range
 for Encope micropora L. Agassiz, 1841

Durham (1940) reported E. californica, and E. micropora from the Pleistocene of the Gulf of California. (Coppard & ... [details]
 Fossil range
 for Encope perspectiva L. Agassiz, 1841

Encope perspectiva is recorded from the Pleistocene near Santa Cruz, Oaxaca, Mexico. (Coppard & Lessios, 2017) [details]
 Status
 for Encope (Echinadesma) Phelan, 1972

A clear separation between the Encope (Echinadesma) and Encope (Encope) is difficult because all intermediate ... [details]
 Status
 for Encope (Encope) L. Agassiz, 1840

The subgenus Encope (Encope) became necessary due to Phelan’s (1972) proposal of a subgeneric classification of ... [details]
 Status
 for Encope aberrans Martens, 1867

The clade composed of the Atlantic species Encope aberrans and E. michelini was the first to have split from ... [details]
 Status
 for Encope borealis A.H. Clark, 1946

E. borealis was shown by Coppard & Lessios (2017) to represent a genetically distinct clade of Encope nowadays ... [details]
 Status
 for Encope californica Verrill, 1870

The second Encope lineage in the eastern Pacific contains two clades. The genetic distances in all genes between ... [details]
 Status
 for Encope galapagensis A.H. Clark, 1946

E. galapagenis was shown by Coppard & Lessios (2017) to represent a genetically distinct clade of Encope endemic to ... [details]
 Status
 for Encope laevis H.L. Clark, 1948

While Coppard & Lessios (2017) did not formally synonymize E. laevis with E. micropora, it is clear from their ... [details]
 Status
 for Encope micropora borealis A.H. Clark, 1946

E. borealis was shown by Coppard & Lessios (2017) to represent a genetically distinct clade of Encope nowadays ... [details]
 Status
 for Encope micropora cocosi H.L. Clark, 1948

While not formally synonymized by Coppard & Lessios (2017), it is clear from their text that they consider E. ... [details]
 Status
 for Encope micropora ecuadorensis H.L. Clark, 1948

While not formally synonymized by Coppard & Lessios (2017), it is clear from their text that they consider E. ... [details]
 Status
 for Encope micropora fragilis H.L. Clark, 1948

While not formally synonymized by Coppard & Lessios (2017), it is clear from their text that they consider E. ... [details]
 Status
 for Encope micropora insularis H.L. Clark, 1948

Coppard & Lessios (2017) wrote: "However, with the exception of specimens of E. micropora insularis from Isla ... [details]
 Status
 for Encope micropora irregularis H.L. Clark, 1948

While not formally synonymized by Coppard & Lessios (2017), it is clear from their text that they consider E. ... [details]
 Status
 for Encope micropora tetrapora L. Agassiz, 1841

While not formally synonymized by Coppard & Lessios (2017), it is clear from their text that they consider E. ... [details]
 Status
 for Encope oblonga L. Agassiz, 1841

Coppard & Lessios (2017) wrote: “Nested within the Atlantic clade of E. emarginata are the morphospecies E. ... [details]
 Status
 for Encope perspectiva L. Agassiz, 1841

While not formally synonymized by Coppard & Lessios (2017), it is clear from their text that they consider E. ... [details]
 Status
 for Encope subclausa L. Agassiz, 1841

Coppard & Lessios (2017) wrote: “Nested within the Atlantic clade of E. emarginata are the morphospecies E. ... [details]
 Status
 for Encope valenciennesii L. Agassiz, 1841

Coppard & Lessios (2017) wrote: “Nested within the Atlantic clade of E. emarginata are the morphospecies E. ... [details]
 Status
 for Encope wetmorei A.H. Clark, 1946

While Coppard & Lessios (2017) did not formally synonymize E. wetmorei with E. micropora, it is clear from their ... [details]
 Status
 for Mellitella Duncan, 1889

The phylogenetic tree presented by Coppard & Lessios (2017) clearly demonstrates that Mellitella forms a clade ... [details]

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