Future marine biotechnology research
Sustainable exploitation of the marine environment, and bio-prospecting
A major challenge in the field of marine biotechnology is to develop an efficient procedure and structure for the discovery of novel biomolecules in the marine environment. The high level of biodiversity of marine organisms makes them a prime target for bioprospecting: a wide range of novel biomolecules are produced by these organisms, ranging from bioactive molecules and enzymes of interest for medicine to biopolymers with diverse industrial applications. Microbes are particularly under-sampled and have great potential, since a recent survey of proteins in the ocean has found thousands of new families with unknown functions. Some of the elements necessary to efficiently exploit this resource on a European level already exist, including marine stations with extensive biological expertise and sample-collection facilities and companies with the facility to develop novel biomolecules for industrial applications. An effort is required to couple these elements via the promotion of bioprospective analysis of marine samples and the creation of intermediate structures, such as biomolecule collections and screening facilities, to bridge the gap between the biologists and their potential industrial partners. Secondary metabolites, chemical biodiversity and biodiversity Biochemical studies on marine organisms are very important, not only for the discovery of new drugs and biological tools, but also for better comprehension of ecosystems and, hence, better management of biodiversity. However, during the last twenty years, the study of the chemistry of natural products from biodiversity became dominated by the search for active molecules directed towards drug production. This bias has sometimes sidetracked the scientific investigation of chemical effects and reduced the potential for this approach to solve crucial questions in areas such as:- examination of the interactions between species; chemical indications of environmental variation; understanding biodiversity at the molecular scale, and comprehending the molecular reactivity and its impact on biological functions. The challenge for the next ten years will be to explore the significance of the variation in rates of metabolite production in model organisms, including microbes, in terms of interaction with the environment and of response to environmental changes (climatic, pollution, exceptional phenomena). To achieve this goal, it will be necessary to study the role of the bioactive molecules within communities, their roles in inter/intra-specific competition for space and resources, and their role in defence against predators and pathogens. This will promote parallel studies in taxonomy, phylogeny, phylogeography and chemistry and clarify the link between biodiversity and chemodiversity. Model development In many areas of research, modelling is proving very effective, particularly with respect to slowly developing and predictable systems. However, in a period of rapid change such as we are experiencing, irregularities are extremely important. Ecosystems are non-linear and inherently unpredictable, and we must develop models that cope with episodic and irregular events and identify trends and depict scenarios. It should be emphasised, however, that empirical data and mechanistic understanding derived from experiments are essential to underpin models, particularly where regionallyfocused models 66 are required.
