HABs taxon details
original description
Haywood, A. J.; Steidinger, K. A.; Truby, E. W.; Bergquist, P. R.; Bergquist, P. L.; Adamson, J.; Mackenzie, L. (2004). Comparative morphology and molecular phylogenetic analysis of three new species of the genus Karenia (Dinophyceae) from New Zealand. <em>Journal of Phycology.</em> 40(1), 165-179., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.2004.02-149.x [details]
basis of record
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2023). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source
Miles, C.O., Wilkins, A.L., Stirling, D.J. & Mackenzie, L. 2000. new analogue of gymnodimine from a Gymnodinium species. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48: 1373-1376 [details]
additional source
Steidinger, K. A., M. A. Faust, and D. U. Hernández-Becerril. 2009. Dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 131–154 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College [details]
additional source
Moestrup, Ø., Akselman, R., Cronberg, G., Elbraechter, M., Fraga, S., Halim, Y., Hansen, G., Hoppenrath, M., Larsen, J., Lundholm, N., Nguyen, L. N., Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae., available online at http://www.marinespecies.org/HAB [details]
additional source
Chang, F.H.; Charleston, W.A.G.; McKenna, P.B.; Clowes, C.D.; Wilson, G.J.; Broady, P.A. (2012). Phylum Myzozoa: dinoflagellates, perkinsids, ellobiopsids, sporozoans, in: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.) (2012). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 3. Kingdoms Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi. pp. 175-216. [details]
From regional or thematic species database
Description Cells 20–30 μm long and 16–30 μm width, dorso-ventrally flattened (5–10 μm deep) and oval in shape. Epicone slightly conical and generally smaller than hypocone. Hypocone excavated and bilobed. Cingulum premedian and displaced by twice its width. Sulcus extending onto the epicone. Nucleus oval to elliptical to elongated reniform, and centrally located in the hypocone. Several peripheral chloroplasts, yellow-green to green in colour,and reniform in shape. Apical groove extending dorsally over 1/3 of the epicone (Haywood et al., 2004). [details]
Harmful effect Found to produce the spiroimine gymnodimine in culture. It may accumulate in shellfish (Miles et al. 2000) [details]
From editor or global species database
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