| Home | | Literature | | Log in |
| Diatoms | | Haptophytes | | Dinoflagellates | | Raphidophyceans | | Dictyochophyceans | | Pelagophyceans | | Cyanobacteria | | Greylist | | Harmful non-toxic |
HABs taxon detailsAlexandrium tamiyavanichii Balech, 1994
233473 (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:233473)
accepted
Species
marine,
Balech, E. (1994). Three new species of the genus Alexandrium (Dinoflagellata). <em>Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc.</em> 113: 216-220. [details] Available for editors
Type locality contained in Gulf of Thailand
type locality contained in Gulf of Thailand [details]
Harmful effect Producer of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. Lim et al. (2006) reported toxin profiles of A. tamiyavanichii in culture...
Harmful effect Producer of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. Lim et al. (2006) reported toxin profiles of A. tamiyavanichii in culture to be dominated by GTX4 followed by > GTX3 > C2 > GTX5 > GTX1 > GTX2 > C1. A later report by Oh et al., 2009, suggested slightly different profiles of mol % in the following decreasing order: GTX1/4 > C1/2 >> GTX2/3 > GTX5 > STX >> C3/4 > NEO. Interestingly, in this latter study, 45 strains were cultured and toxin profiles were very similar in all strains. Finally, Sagara et al. (2010) reported a profile dominated by GTX5 >> GTX4 (the two congeners accounting for 75 mol %) in wild harvested cells. It appears under the name of Protogonyaulax cohorticula in some papers published before the description of this species. [details] Identification This species shares with A, kutnerae and A. cohorticula, a very distinctive character: the S.a. has a well-developed...
Identification This species shares with A, kutnerae and A. cohorticula, a very distinctive character: the S.a. has a well-developed precingular region bordered posteriorly by a transversal bar or rib. However, A. kutnerae is much larger and has a very different globose shape. In A. kutnerae, 1' is narrower and frequently is connected with the PO indirectly. Its ventral pore is almost always enclosed within the 1' plate and, sometimes, is even displaced inward and separated from the margin. The 1"""" of A. kutnerae is wider and more regular. 2"""" is more regular and not clearly transversely elongated. It does not form chains. Its S.p. is narrower, almost never with a connecting pore. The S.d.a is approximately as long as it is wide. The most similar species to A. tamiyavanichi is A. cohorticula, so much so, that it was presented as A. cohorticula by Japanese researchers (see synonymy). Both are chain formers and their sizes are equivalent. However, A, cohorticula has a more irregular shape and an epitheca that is longer than wide. Its PO is comparably longer and more sharp-pointed. The comma is not central but is somewhat displaced ventrally and, therefore, leaves a wider dorsal margin. 1' is narrower and more irregular and has a straight and more or less horizontal posterior margin that contrasts with the curvature and large obliquity of the corresponding margin in A. tamiyavanichi. The left sulcal list of A. cohorticula is exceptionally wide anteriorly and it abruptly lessens posteriorly, The S.p. has a connecting pore that is larger and oval. The S.a. of A. cohorticula has a precingular portion that is longer and square, limited posteriorly by a very strong and straight or almost straight bar. Its S.s.a. is longer and has a different shape. Its S.d.a, is not wider than long. Its S.d.p. is generally more robust and it does not have such an oblique anterior margin. S.d.a., in the S.a., and in the list of 1"""" seem to offer valid characters for the specific separation of this species. It can be supposed, however, that some other cited differences are phenotypical. [details] Verified sequences Strain AtMS01 (Usup et al. 2002): SSU rDNA AF113935 ITS/5.8S/ITS2 rDNA AF145224 LSU rDNA AF174614
Verified sequences Strain AtMS01 (Usup et al. 2002): SSU rDNA AF113935 ITS/5.8S/ITS2 rDNA AF145224 LSU rDNA AF174614 [details]
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Alexandrium tamiyavanichii Balech, 1994. Accessed through: Lundholm, N.; Churro, C.; Escalera, L.; Fraga, S.; Hoppenrath, M.; Iwataki, M.; Larsen, J.; Mertens, K.; Moestrup, Ø.; Murray, S.; Tillmann, U.; Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards) IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae at: https://www.marinespecies.org/hab/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=233473 on 2024-04-23
Lundholm, N.; Churro, C.; Escalera, L.; Fraga, S.; Hoppenrath, M.; Iwataki, M.; Larsen, J.; Mertens, K.; Moestrup, Ø.; Murray, S.; Tillmann, U.; Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae. Alexandrium tamiyavanichii Balech, 1994. Accessed at: https://www.marinespecies.org/hab/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=233473 on 2024-04-23
Date action by 2006-07-27 06:59:07Z created Camba Reu, Cibran
original description
Balech, E. (1994). Three new species of the genus Alexandrium (Dinoflagellata). <em>Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc.</em> 113: 216-220. [details] Available for editors
basis of record Gómez, F. (2005). A list of free-living dinoflagellate species in the world's oceans. <em>Acta Bot. Croat.</em> 64(1): 129-212. [details]  additional source Ogata T., Pholpunthin P., Fukuyo Y. & Kodama M. 1990. Occurrence of <i>Alexandrium cohorticula</i> in Japanese coastal water. J. Appl. Phycol. 2: 351-356. [details] additional source Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2023). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details] additional source Tomas, C.R. (Ed.). (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. Academic Press: San Diego, CA [etc.] (USA). ISBN 0-12-693018-X. XV, 858 pp., available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780126930184 [details] additional source Moestrup, Ø., Akselman, R., Cronberg, G., Elbraechter, M., Fraga, S., Halim, Y., Hansen, G., Hoppenrath, M., Larsen, J., Lundholm, N., Nguyen, L. N., Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae., available online at http://www.marinespecies.org/HAB [details] additional source Chang, F.H.; Charleston, W.A.G.; McKenna, P.B.; Clowes, C.D.; Wilson, G.J.; Broady, P.A. (2012). Phylum Myzozoa: dinoflagellates, perkinsids, ellobiopsids, sporozoans, in: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.) (2012). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 3. Kingdoms Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi. pp. 175-216. [details] additional source Usup, G.; Pin, L. C.; Ahmad, A.; Teen, L. P. (2002). Phylogenetic relationship of <i>Alexandrium tamiyavanichii</i> (Dinophyceae) to other <i>Alexandrium</i> species based on ribosomal RNA gene sequences. <em>Harmful Algae.</em> 1(1): 59-68., available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/s1568-9883(02)00003-3 [details] toxicology source Lim, P.; Leaw, C.; Usup, G.; Kobiyama, A.; Koike, K.; Ogata, T. (2006). Effects of light and temperature on growth, nitrate uptake, and toxin production of two tropical dinoflagellates: <i>Alexandrium tamiyavanichii</i> and <i>Alexandrium minutum</i> (Dinophyceae). <em>Journal of Phycology.</em> 42(4): 786-799., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00249.x [details] toxicology source Kodama M., Ogata T., Fukuyo Y., Ishimaru T., Wisessang S., Saitanu K., Panichyakarn V. & Piyakarnchana T. 1988. <i>Protogonyaulax cohorticula</i>, a toxic dinoflagellate found in the Gulf of Thailand. Toxicon 26: 707-712. [details] toxicology source Wisessang S., Ogata T., Kodama M., Fukuyo Y., Ishimaru T., Saitanu K., Yongvanich T. & Piyakarnchana T. 1991. Accumulation of paralytic shellfish toxins by green mussel <i>Perna viridis</i> by feeding on cultured cells of <i>Alexandrium cohorticula</i> isolated from the Gulf of Thailand. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 57: 127-131. [details]  Present Inaccurate Introduced: alien Containing type locality
From regional or thematic species database
Description Cell is medium-sized, isodiametric or a little wider than long. In ventral view, its contour is i rather regular. This species forms chains. The epitheca is short and is either somewhat cone-shaped or the equivalent of about one-third of a sphere. in some individuals, one or both sides may have more or less marked shoulders. The hypotheca is a little longer than the epitheca. In ventral view, the right flank is more or less regularly convex. The left flank, however, usually shows an inflection at half height. The sulcus penetrates into the epitheca foming a concavity. The lists are fully deveioped and are projected a little posteriorly at the antapex. The descending (1) cingulum is deeply excavated and has a curtain fin. The PO is irregularly oval and wide. The right margin is usually straight or a little concave, but sometimes it is a little convex. The central comma is large with a strong callus that is projected somewhat dorsally. Several small marginal pores occur along the left margin. The connecting pore is medium-sized and is located near the right margin of the comma's head. Two or three minor pores are located more ventrally, close to the callus. 1' is ratherwide and has extensive contact with the PO. A small ventral pore is generally located in the posterior portion of the anterior right margin. The posterior margin of this plate is very peculiar because its border with the S.a. forms a reinforced, short, irregularly concave, and very oblique margin. 3' is asymmetrical. Sometimes, it shows some thin, vertical grooves that begin at the posterior margin. 4' is rather wide. Sometimes, it has a small notch that contributes to the formation of the ventral pore. 6"" is rather wide. 5""' has a reinforced internal margin that supports a conspicuous list. 1"""" is narrow with a reinforced internal margin that is irregularly undulated. It sometimes has an anterior and a posterior convexity separated by a middle concavity; otherwise, only an anterior convexity continues with an almost straight posterior half. The sulcal list is convex. It is wide anteriorly but narrows posteriorly. 2"""" is wide (type B). The S.a. is typical. It is long and composed of two parts. The posterior or more typical part of the plate has a long and sharp-pointed unciform apophysis. It is separated from the anterior part by a transversal bar that almost always forms an anterior concavity. The anterior or precingular part usually forms a triangle but occasionally forms a trapezoid. The left side is frequently somewhat concave. The S.p. is tamarense-type. Its posterior attachment pore is not quite central and varies in size and shape, sometimes almost circular but more frequently irregular or elliptical. A narrow furrow connects it to the right margin of the plate. The S.s.a is rhomboidal and medium-wide. Its anterior-internal margin is frequently strongly reinforced. The S.s.p, is typically shaped and quite short. The S.d.p. is relatively long in most of the thecae. The anterior margin is oblique and reinforced. Its external corner is sometimes rather projected. The posterior margin is convex or angular. The S.d.a. is visibly wider than long. Both median sulcal plates are pentagonal and fully developed. The S.m.p. is elongated and much more narrow than the S.m.a., which is approximately as wide as it is long. The S.ac.a. is well-developed. It is usually triangular and sharp-pointed at the posterior. The S.ac.p. is very small and granulated. The general plates are densely perforated by pores. Old thecae have small perforated bumps. Between the bumps are smaller pores with margins that are not thick. Sometimes, all the thecal surface has irregularities that tend to appear reticulated. The protoplasm is dark. The nucleus is at cingulum level. It is transversely elongated and banana-shaped. Dimensions: L 31-41.5, A 31-41.5, Trd 26.5-35.5. Although the extreme dimensions indicate cells as wide as they are long, more frequently the width (A) exceeds the lengt [details]Harmful effect Producer of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. Lim et al. (2006) reported toxin profiles of A. tamiyavanichii in culture to be dominated by GTX4 followed by > GTX3 > C2 > GTX5 > GTX1 > GTX2 > C1. A later report by Oh et al., 2009, suggested slightly different profiles of mol % in the following decreasing order: GTX1/4 > C1/2 >> GTX2/3 > GTX5 > STX >> C3/4 > NEO. Interestingly, in this latter study, 45 strains were cultured and toxin profiles were very similar in all strains. Finally, Sagara et al. (2010) reported a profile dominated by GTX5 >> GTX4 (the two congeners accounting for 75 mol %) in wild harvested cells. It appears under the name of Protogonyaulax cohorticula in some papers published before the description of this species. [details] Identification This species shares with A, kutnerae and A. cohorticula, a very distinctive character: the S.a. has a well-developed precingular region bordered posteriorly by a transversal bar or rib. However, A. kutnerae is much larger and has a very different globose shape. In A. kutnerae, 1' is narrower and frequently is connected with the PO indirectly. Its ventral pore is almost always enclosed within the 1' plate and, sometimes, is even displaced inward and separated from the margin. The 1"""" of A. kutnerae is wider and more regular. 2"""" is more regular and not clearly transversely elongated. It does not form chains. Its S.p. is narrower, almost never with a connecting pore. The S.d.a is approximately as long as it is wide. The most similar species to A. tamiyavanichi is A. cohorticula, so much so, that it was presented as A. cohorticula by Japanese researchers (see synonymy). Both are chain formers and their sizes are equivalent. However, A, cohorticula has a more irregular shape and an epitheca that is longer than wide. Its PO is comparably longer and more sharp-pointed. The comma is not central but is somewhat displaced ventrally and, therefore, leaves a wider dorsal margin. 1' is narrower and more irregular and has a straight and more or less horizontal posterior margin that contrasts with the curvature and large obliquity of the corresponding margin in A. tamiyavanichi. The left sulcal list of A. cohorticula is exceptionally wide anteriorly and it abruptly lessens posteriorly, The S.p. has a connecting pore that is larger and oval. The S.a. of A. cohorticula has a precingular portion that is longer and square, limited posteriorly by a very strong and straight or almost straight bar. Its S.s.a. is longer and has a different shape. Its S.d.a, is not wider than long. Its S.d.p. is generally more robust and it does not have such an oblique anterior margin. S.d.a., in the S.a., and in the list of 1"""" seem to offer valid characters for the specific separation of this species. It can be supposed, however, that some other cited differences are phenotypical. [details] Verified sequences Strain AtMS01 (Usup et al. 2002): SSU rDNA AF113935 ITS/5.8S/ITS2 rDNA AF145224 LSU rDNA AF174614 [details] |
