HABs taxon details
original description
(of ) Larsen, J. (1996). Unarmoured dinoflagellates from Australian waters. II. Genus Gyrodinium (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae). <em>Phycologia.</em> 35: 342-349. [details]
basis of record
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2023). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
basis of record
Gómez, F. (2005). A list of free-living dinoflagellate species in the world's oceans. <em>Acta Bot. Croat.</em> 64(1): 129-212. [details]
additional source
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2023). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source
Onoue Y., Nozawa K., Kumanda K., Takeda K. & Aramaki T. 1985. Occurrence of a toxic dinoflagellate, "<i>Gymnodinium</i>-Type '84 K", in Kagoshima Bay. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 51: 1567. [details]
additional source
Onoue Y. & Nozawa K. 1989. Separation of toxins from harmful red tides occurring along the coast of Kagoshima Prefecture. In: <i>Red Tides, Biology, Environmental Science, and Toxicology</i> (Ed. by T. Okaichi, D.M. Anderson & T. Nemoto), pp. 371-374. Elsevier, Amsterdam. [details]
additional source
Moestrup, Ø., Akselman, R., Cronberg, G., Elbraechter, M., Fraga, S., Halim, Y., Hansen, G., Hoppenrath, M., Larsen, J., Lundholm, N., Nguyen, L. N., Zingone, A. (Eds) (2009 onwards). IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Micro Algae., available online at http://www.marinespecies.org/HAB [details]
new combination reference
de Salas M.F., Bolch C.J.S., Botes L., Nash G., Wright S.W., Hallegraeff G.M. (2003) Takayama Gen. Nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), A new genus of unarmored dinoflagellates with sigmoid apical grooves, including the description of two new species. Journal of Phycology. 39. 1233-1246;, available online at http://its-db.aad.gov.au/proms/pubn/pubshow.asp?pub_id=11671 [details]
From regional or thematic species database
Additional information See de Salas et al. (2003) for a description of the different species of Takayama, including re-identification of Gymnodinium pulchellum from the USA (Steidinger et al. 1998) as closer to T. cladochroma. [details]
Description Small species (18–22 μm long, 17–19 μm wide). Cells obliquely oval in longitudinal section, slightly dorso-ventrally flattened (15–16 μm thick). Chloroplasts few, large and branched, with conspicuous pyrenoids. Nucleus located on the left side of the cell. Cingulum displaced about a quarter of the cell length and with a pronounced overhang. Sulcal extension small and blunt. Apical groove curving around apex and extending briefly on dorsal side. (Larsen, 1996, de Salas et al., 2003). [details]
Harmful effect Mortality of fish in the Indian River, Florida was described to be associated with Takayama pulchella (as Gymnodinium pulchellum) but the identification was questioned by de Salas et al. (2003, p. 1244) who consider it more likely that the dinoflagellate responsible for the fish mortality was T. cladochroma.
This must be considered preliminary as there are no studies on toxins in either species [details]
Synonymy Gymnodinium – Type 84K sensu Onoue et al. (1985) is a species of Takayama but cannot be more precisely identified. [details]
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