Kölliker, A. (1875). Die Pennatulide Umbellula und zwei neue Typen der Alcyonarien. <em>Festschrift zur Feier des fünfundzwanzigjährigen Bestehens der Physicalisch-medicinischen Gesellschaft in Würzburg.</em> pp. 1-23, plates 1-2. page(s): 12-16 [details]
McFadden, C.S.; Cordeiro, R.; Samimi-Namin, K.; Williams, G.; van Ofwegen, L. (2025). World List of Octocorallia. Heteroxenia Kölliker, 1874. Accessed through: Xu, K., An, J., Ding, L., Dong, D., Gao, Y., Huang, Y., Jiang, W., Lei, Y., Li, K., Li, X., Li, Y., Liang, X., Lin, G., Lin, M., Liu, H., Liu, J., Liu, W., Liu, X., Lu, D., Ma, Z., Ren, X., Sha, Z., Sun, J., Sun, S., Sun, Z., Tian, L., Wang, D., Wang, J., Wu, X., Xia, B., Xiao, N., Yin, J., Zhang, J., Zhang, S., Zhang, X., Zhao, E., Zheng, X., Zhou, H., Zhou, J. & Zhou, K. (2025) Chinese Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/charms/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=204616 on 2026-09-10
Xu, K., An, J., Ding, L., Dong, D., Gao, Y., Huang, Y., Jiang, W., Lei, Y., Li, K., Li, X., Li, Y., Liang, X., Lin, G., Lin, M., Liu, H., Liu, J., Liu, W., Liu, X., Lu, D., Ma, Z., Ren, X., Sha, Z., Sun, J., Sun, S., Sun, Z., Tian, L., Wang, D., Wang, J., Wu, X., Xia, B., Xiao, N., Yin, J., Zhang, J., Zhang, S., Zhang, X., Zhao, E., Zheng, X., Zhou, H., Zhou, J. & Zhou, K. (2026). Chinese Register of Marine Species. Heteroxenia Kölliker, 1874. Accessed at: https://www.marinespecies.org/charms/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=204616 on 2026-09-10
original descriptionKölliker, A. (1875). Die Pennatulide Umbellula und zwei neue Typen der Alcyonarien. <em>Festschrift zur Feier des fünfundzwanzigjährigen Bestehens der Physicalisch-medicinischen Gesellschaft in Würzburg.</em> pp. 1-23, plates 1-2. page(s): 12-16 [details]
basis of recordBenayahu, Y (1993). Corals of the South-west Indian Ocean. I. Alcyonacea from Sodwana Bay, South Africa. Oceanographic Research Institute, Investigational Report No. 67. 16 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details]
additional sourceAlderslade, P. (2001). Six new genera and six new species of soft coral, and some proposed familial and subfamilial changes within the Alcyonacea. <em>Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington.</em> 10:15-65. page(s): 40, 60, 63 [details] Available for editors
additional sourceHickson, S. J. (1930). On the classification of the Alcyonaria. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, XIV, 229-252 page(s): 244 [details]
additional sourceHickson, S.J. (1931). The alcyonarian family Xeniidae, with a revision of the genera and species. <em>Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-1929, Scientific Reports.</em> 4(5): 137-185., available online athttps://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49516703 page(s): 168-172 [details]
additional sourceReinicke, G. B.; van Ofwegen, L. P. (1999). Soft corals (Alcyonacea: Octocorallia) from shallow water in the Chagos Archipelago: species assemblages and their distribution. Linnean Society Occasional Publications, 2, 67-85, plates 1-10 page(s): 71, 79 [details]
additional sourceVerseveldt, J. (1974). Octocorallia from New Caledonia. <em>Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden.</em> 48(12): 95-122, plates 1-5. page(s): 96 [details]
additional sourceWilliams, G. C. (1989). A review of recent research on the sublittoral coral reefs of northern Natal with a provisional assessment of findings regarding the distribution of octocorals on Two-Mile Reef, Sodwana Bay. South African Journal of Science, 85, 140-141 page(s): 140 [details]
additional sourceWilliams, G. C. (1993). Coral Reef Octocorals: An Illustrated Guide to the Soft Corals, Sea Fans and Sea Pens Inhabiting the Coral Reefs of Northern Natal. Durban Natural Science Museum. Durban., pp. 63. page(s): 12 [details]
additional sourceWilliams, G.C. (1992). Biogeography of the octocorallian coelenterate fauna of southern Africa. <em>Biol. J. Linn. Soc.</em> 46: 351-401. page(s): 366, 400 [details] Available for editors
additional sourceWilliams, G.C. (1992). The Alcyonacea of southern Africa. Stoloniferous octocorals and soft corals (Coelenterata, Anthozoa). <em>Annals of the South African Museum.</em> 100: 249-358., available online athttps://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41110040 page(s): 346 [details]
Present Inaccurate Introduced: alien Containing type locality