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• Characteristics of muddy coasts
  This article provides an introduction to and summary of habitats derived from fine sediments suspended in tidal waters. ...muddy shoreface, sometimes in the form of muddy tidal flats, and the lack of a sandy shore.
  9 KB (1,308 words) - 15:59, 15 May 2021
• Human causes of coastal erosion
  ...s correspond to alternating phases of erosion and accretion. [[Definitions of coastal terms#Coastal erosion|Structural erosion or accretion]] can only ha ...of coastal erosion]] are discussed in another article. Most of the content of this article is drawn from Mangor et al. 2017 <ref> Mangor, K., Drønen, N.
  29 KB (4,651 words) - 22:27, 2 July 2022
• Dune stabilisation
  ...ural quasi-equilibrium situation. The [[erosion]] of [[dune]]s as a result of a severe storm surge is also referred to as [[dune erosion]]. ...ch and the front dune and are adapted to retain drifting sand. An overview of sand binding plants that are adapted to saline, nutrient-poor and harsh hyd
  9 KB (1,306 words) - 19:25, 1 August 2023
• Beach drainage
  ...el of the beach near the installation line, thus also increasing the width of the beach. ...g and application of a beach drainage system. Beach drainage is an example of a soft shoreline protection solution.
  11 KB (1,646 words) - 10:15, 1 May 2023
• Fluid mud
  ...nsion of fine cohesive sediment particles (< 63 µm with a high percentage of clay particles < 2 µm). }} ...EPS, extracellular polymeric substances exuded by organisms. The fraction of organic matter in marine mud is generally very small, especially in compari
  15 KB (2,305 words) - 19:30, 12 January 2024
• Rip current
  ...ates from the shore after passing a headland. A more restricted definition of a rip current is: [[File:MorphoRip.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Fig. 1. Schematic view of a rip cell. Beach: yellow, sea: blue; shallow water: light blue; nearshore
  8 KB (1,278 words) - 10:16, 3 July 2022
• Sea level rise
  ...verage long-term global rise of the ocean surface measured from the centre of the earth (or more precisely, from the earth reference ellipsoid), as deriv ...e University Press.</ref> for the year 2100 are similar to the projections of the 2019 report<ref name=I/>.
  41 KB (6,164 words) - 16:08, 21 January 2024
• Shoreline management
  ...to planned or existing development activities on the coast. The objectives of Shoreline Management are <ref name="Karsten">Mangor, K., Drønen, N. K., Ka ...arge parts of this article are taken from the coastal engineering handbook of Reeve, Chadwick and Fleming (2018)<ref> Reeve, D., Chadwick, A. and Fleming
  38 KB (5,697 words) - 22:31, 2 July 2022
• Economic valuation of goods and services of the UK coastal and marine ecosystem
  ...ere possible. Estimating the [[Total Economic Value|total economic value]] of the coastal ecosystem in monetary terms can prevent overexploitation and en ==The valuation of biodiversity==
  9 KB (1,305 words) - 13:08, 4 March 2024
• DeCyDe for Sustainability Policy tool
  ...bility: The self-assessment of sustainability using indicators and a means of scoring them'''.</span> ...ce for the purpose of improving the sustainable development and management of coastal zones.
  25 KB (3,543 words) - 21:40, 7 August 2021
• Blue carbon sequestration
  ...293–301</ref>. However, nearly 50% of the pre-industrial, natural extent of global coastal wetlands have been lost since the 19th century<ref>Li, X., B ...s role can be used to generate finances that contribute to the realization of nature-based coastal protection and other ecosystem services delivered by c
  41 KB (6,267 words) - 13:40, 21 April 2024
• Common biomarkers for the assessment of marine pollution
  ...le [[biomarker]]s that can be used on bivalves or fish to assess the level of marine [[pollution]]. ...In the case of fish, even though the sampling is expensive, the importance of their use is linked to their position in the trophic chain and their high c
  24 KB (3,412 words) - 18:18, 5 November 2019
• Waves and currents by X-band radar
  ...f a [[remote sensing]] technique. This article starts with an introduction of the measurement technique. Furthermore it explains how obtained [[data]] ca ...ge and its impact on coastal protection, wave and current measurements are of growing importance.
  12 KB (1,894 words) - 11:32, 25 January 2024
• Nutrient conversion in the marine environment
  ...provides a brief introduction to the processes involved in the conversion of the main nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon. ...63</ref>, very different from the Redfield ratio 16:1 (average N:P ratio of phytoplankton).
  26 KB (3,923 words) - 20:02, 4 August 2023
• Dune erosion
  ...h dune erosion by storms and provides some simple rules from which retreat of the dune front can be estimated. The focus is on the so-called 'collision r ...te Holocene aeolian dune formation on the storm-dominated macrotidal coast of the southern North Sea. Marine Geology 276: 100–104</ref>, see also the a
  42 KB (6,534 words) - 12:05, 15 November 2023
• North Sea pollution from shipping: legal framework
  ....aspx IMO]), the general rules in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ([https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_ove ...//www.imo.org/en/About/Pages/Default.aspx IMO], a specialized organisation of the United Nations.
  52 KB (7,826 words) - 12:32, 12 July 2020
• Measuring instruments for coasts
  ...of sediment transport along the coast. The article also goes into location of sampling. . The order of preference is based on the overall sampling accuracy.
  12 KB (1,782 words) - 11:43, 7 September 2020
• Greek case studies: Long term geomorphological changes in the coastal zone of the Thermaikos Gulf, Salonika Region, North Greece
  ...hysical & Environmental Geography, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece''' ...sent). The Holocene transgression caused the inundation of the lower parts of the valley and gradually led to the present shoreline configuration.
  12 KB (1,857 words) - 21:58, 28 June 2019
• Global Forum of Oceans, Coasts and Islands
  ...undations) with the common goal of encouraging the sustainable development of oceans, coasts, and islands. ...velopment (OECD); and Magdalena Muir, Research Associate, Arctic Institute of North America.
  16 KB (2,281 words) - 16:59, 1 August 2019
• Kyoto Protocol
  ...ic]] interference with the climate system". In essence reduce the emission of greenhouse gases that cause global warming. ...1990 levels in the commitment period 2008-2012. After two and a half years of intense negotiations, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted at COP 3 in Kyoto, Jap
  12 KB (1,909 words) - 17:05, 31 July 2020
• Strategic Environmental Assessment
  This article summarises the relationship of [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] and strategic environmental a ...lationship between socioeconomic and environmental impacts and poor levels of institutional coordination.
  5 KB (627 words) - 15:24, 7 October 2021
• Harmful algal bloom
  |definition= Harmful algal blooms or HABs are [[algal bloom]]s composed of phytoplankton that naturally produce biotoxins. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) ==Effects of harmful algal blooms==
  23 KB (3,458 words) - 22:27, 12 February 2024
• Computable general equilibrium
  ...ge levels to (negatively) affect labour demands. One of the main interests of CGE models is their dynamic characteristic enabling to make projections up A CGE model consists of (a) equations describing model variables and (b) a database (usually very d
  9 KB (1,259 words) - 14:06, 1 August 2019
• Light fields and optics in coastal waters
  ...ters and light field modelling. For more information about the measurement of light fields, see also the article [[Optical measurements in coastal waters ==Introduction of underwater light fields==
  26 KB (3,866 words) - 20:41, 19 August 2020
• Measurements of biodiversity
  A variety of 'objective' measures have been developed in order to estimate biodiversity ==Different types of biodiversity indices==
  49 KB (7,689 words) - 12:26, 4 March 2024
• Meiofauna
  ...a 1 mm mesh will also depend upon whether it is alive or dead at the time of sorting.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiobenthos</ref>}} ...ig. 1. Harpacticoid copepod, belonging to the ''Harpacticoida'', subphylum of ''Crustacea''. They are benthic copepods found throughout the world, mostly
  7 KB (1,001 words) - 17:37, 30 December 2023
• Impacts caused by increasing urbanization
  ...y of the phenomena and of values interested by the increasing urbanization of Mediterranean coastal zones. ==Urbanization of coastal zones in the Mediterranean==
  16 KB (2,380 words) - 17:04, 15 July 2020
• Marine Spatial Planning - the need for a common language
  ...nefits it can offer. It also briefly discusses some international examples of marine spatial planning today. ...lood of Space. Towards a Spatial Structure Plan for Sustainable Management of the North Sea. Belgian Science Policy, 2005, pp. 14-15</ref>. Similar exper
  36 KB (5,342 words) - 18:20, 16 February 2024
• Ocean acidification
  ...issolves in seawater producing carbonic acid, which subsequently lowers pH of surrounding seawater; widely thought to be happening on a global scale.}} ...result that calcifying organisms promote acidification, while dissolution of calcium carbonate counteracts acidification.
  23 KB (3,352 words) - 11:49, 14 May 2024
• Mangroves
  ...sing threats, conservation and [[Ecosystem rehabilitation|rehabilitation]] of mangrove forests. ...hriving in salt water. They form unique [[intertidal]] forests at the edge of land and sea, see Fig. 1. They are represented on all continents with tropi
  42 KB (6,310 words) - 17:09, 21 April 2024
• Seagrass meadows
  ...ion, [[zonation]], succession, biota, threats, functioning and adaptations of the organisms that live in seagrass meadows. ...terrestrial origin that have successfully returned to the sea. This return needs several adaptations that allow them to live in submerged ocean regions. The
  37 KB (5,414 words) - 20:23, 24 December 2023
• Ecological thresholds and regime shifts
  ...eview of literature on valuation of coastal ecosystem services. Thresholds of Environmental Sustainability. EU FP6 Integrated Project. Project contract n ...Building Adaptive Capacity in a World of Transformations. AMBIO A Journal of the Human Environment 31(5): 437-40</ref>)
  13 KB (1,919 words) - 12:33, 2 March 2024
• Trophic cascade
  |definition= Effects of removal or addition of keystone species that propagate through food webs across multiple trophic l ...A trophic cascade can also result from a strong increase in the abundance of a keystone species.
  6 KB (1,015 words) - 23:25, 27 December 2020
• Precautionary principle
  ...he principle of avoiding possible environmental damage when the scientific evidence for acting is inconclusive but the potential damage could be great<ref>[htt ...face of a potentially serious risk without waiting for definitive results of scientific research.
  1 KB (143 words) - 15:38, 3 March 2022
• Plunging wave in slow motion
  ...CEQ9QDNM plunging wave event in slow motion]''', exhibiting all the stages of the [[wave breaking]] onto a sandy beach on a windless day. ...clearly a [[shoaling]] wave that steepens suddenly, grows into a sequence of narrowly spaced plunging breakers, and dissolves explosively into spray and
  5 KB (851 words) - 21:54, 29 February 2024
• Effects of fisheries on marine biodiversity
  ...tain global fisheries. Nature 374: 255-257</ref>) estimated that over 20 % of the marine [[primary production]] is required to sustain fisheries in many ...ears<ref name="Jennings1998">Jennings, S. and Kaiser, M. 1998. The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Adv. Mar. Biol. 34: 201-352</ref>.
  33 KB (4,853 words) - 13:29, 1 February 2024
• Sand dune - Country Report, Great Britain
  ...in the Netherlands in November 1991. It attempted to provide a description of the [[sand dunes|sand dune vegetation]], sites and conservation issues thro ...pool, UK (Doody ed. 2008)<ref>Doody, J.P., ed. 2008. ''Sand Dune Inventory of Europe, 2nd Edition''. National Coastal Consultants and EUCC - The Coastal
  30 KB (4,524 words) - 12:53, 23 June 2022
• Seagrass recovery and restoration in the Wadden Sea
  ...>2</sup>) of seagrass beds (coverage of sediment > 20 %) in the intertidal of the Northfrisian Wadden Sea as estimated from aerial surveys in August or S ...sko, D.A. & Touchette, B.W. (2007). Seagrasses and eutrophication. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 350, 46-72.
  14 KB (2,227 words) - 21:36, 24 November 2020
• Monitoring coastal morphodynamics using high-precision multibeam technology
  ...am technology. This technology is explained in this article and an example of application is given. This shows how high-precision multibeam technology ca ...material? What types of seabed structures contribute most to the transport of the bed material? To what extent are morphological changes predictable?
  11 KB (1,692 words) - 15:37, 20 September 2020
• Acoustic kelp bed mapping in shallow rocky coasts - case study Helgoland (North Sea)
  ...species is the brown alga ''Laminaria hyperborea'' which grows to a length of approx. 1-2 m and provides shelter and substrate for many other species. Fo ...ng, C. & Bartsch, I.(submitted). Changes in depth distribution and biomass of sublittoral seaweeds at Helgoland (North Sea) between 1970 and 2005. Submit
  12 KB (1,843 words) - 23:06, 16 October 2021
• Thresholds and Marine Policies
  ...respassed in ways that are unpredictable and that defy the best intentions of policies and policy makers. ...cline in pressures. Time lags, partial irreversibility and the development of new buffer mechanisms can resist the return to previous states.
  9 KB (1,369 words) - 15:54, 7 October 2021
• Kelp forests
  ...weed (macro-algae) ecosystem services]] and [[Diversity and classification of marine benthic algae]]. ...st be very clear. Kelps can reach a length of more than 30 m and a biomass of 42 kg fresh weight per individual. Some kelps have flexible stems that allo
  8 KB (1,235 words) - 18:37, 18 February 2024
• Salt marshes
  ...ution, adaptations, [[zonation]], succession, biota, functions and threats of the organisms that live in saltmarshes. ...opean Union commissioned a series of Habitat Management Models for several of the more important communities. Included is a model for habitat 1330 "Atlan
  28 KB (4,120 words) - 21:17, 24 April 2024
• Coral reefs
  ...is one of the sub-categories within the section dealing with biodiversity of [[marine habitats and ecosystems]]. ...rotect coral islands and island populations against the destructive forces of the sea under storm conditions, see [[Coral islands]].
  27 KB (4,098 words) - 22:25, 5 April 2024
• Science-Policy Interaction
  ...No simple recipes have emerged. This article highlights some major causes of poor science-policy interaction and is intended as a help to avoid obvious ==Models of science-policy interaction==
  24 KB (3,360 words) - 13:16, 2 February 2023
• Thermohaline circulation of the oceans
  ...heat and -haline for salt, which constitute the [[Seawater density|density of water]]. The water masses transport both energy (heat) and matter (solids, ==Functioning of the Thermohaline Circulation (THC)==
  23 KB (3,524 words) - 17:38, 22 December 2020
• Flood risk analysis study at the German Bight Coast
  ...To assess the flood risk and to define specific risk zones, the estimation of the expected damages and its spatial distribution is crucial in addition to ...Peter-Ording at the German North Sea Coast combining failure probabilities of the [[coastal defence]] system with micro-scale socio-economic vulnerabilit
  25 KB (3,734 words) - 11:46, 17 February 2024
• Arctic ocean
  ...J., Schenke, H.W. and Johnson, P. 2008. An improved bathymetric portrayal of the Arctic Ocean: Implications for ocean modeling and geological, geophysic ...>. Its spatial extent is constrained by the Fram Strait, the western limit of the Barents Sea, the Bering Strait and the Canadian Archipelago (Fig. 1).
  14 KB (2,150 words) - 23:23, 22 February 2024
• Rhode Island Salt Pond Special Area Management Plan – Case Study
  ...ions in Environmental Protection Project (Washington, DC: National Academy of Public Administration, July 2000). http://www.napawash.org/pc_economy_envir ...dividual house sewage systems, and alterations of the quality and quantity of freshwater inflow resulting from development activities. The low, narrow ba
  13 KB (1,954 words) - 10:13, 25 July 2020
• Evolution
  This article provides an overview of the Evolution of populations and the mechanisms that derive it. ...vidual within its lifetime but it refers to changes in the characteristics of populations over the generations. These changes, which include modification
  20 KB (2,963 words) - 22:03, 2 March 2022

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