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• Characteristics of muddy coasts
  This article provides an introduction to and summary of habitats derived from fine sediments suspended in tidal waters. ...muddy shoreface, sometimes in the form of muddy tidal flats, and the lack of a sandy shore.
  9 KB (1,308 words) - 15:59, 15 May 2021
• Human causes of coastal erosion
  ...s correspond to alternating phases of erosion and accretion. [[Definitions of coastal terms#Coastal erosion|Structural erosion or accretion]] can only ha ...of coastal erosion]] are discussed in another article. Most of the content of this article is drawn from Mangor et al. 2017 <ref> Mangor, K., Drønen, N.
  29 KB (4,651 words) - 22:27, 2 July 2022
• Dune stabilisation
  ...ural quasi-equilibrium situation. The [[erosion]] of [[dune]]s as a result of a severe storm surge is also referred to as [[dune erosion]]. ...ch and the front dune and are adapted to retain drifting sand. An overview of sand binding plants that are adapted to saline, nutrient-poor and harsh hyd
  9 KB (1,306 words) - 19:25, 1 August 2023
• Beach drainage
  ...el of the beach near the installation line, thus also increasing the width of the beach. ...g and application of a beach drainage system. Beach drainage is an example of a soft shoreline protection solution.
  11 KB (1,646 words) - 10:15, 1 May 2023
• Fluid mud
  ...nsion of fine cohesive sediment particles (< 63 µm with a high percentage of clay particles < 2 µm). }} ...EPS, extracellular polymeric substances exuded by organisms. The fraction of organic matter in marine mud is generally very small, especially in compari
  15 KB (2,305 words) - 19:30, 12 January 2024
• Rip current
  ...ates from the shore after passing a headland. A more restricted definition of a rip current is: [[File:MorphoRip.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Fig. 1. Schematic view of a rip cell. Beach: yellow, sea: blue; shallow water: light blue; nearshore
  8 KB (1,278 words) - 10:16, 3 July 2022
• Sea level rise
  ...verage long-term global rise of the ocean surface measured from the centre of the earth (or more precisely, from the earth reference ellipsoid), as deriv ...e University Press.</ref> for the year 2100 are similar to the projections of the 2019 report<ref name=I/>.
  41 KB (6,164 words) - 16:08, 21 January 2024
• Shoreline management
  ...to planned or existing development activities on the coast. The objectives of Shoreline Management are <ref name="Karsten">Mangor, K., Drønen, N. K., Ka ...arge parts of this article are taken from the coastal engineering handbook of Reeve, Chadwick and Fleming (2018)<ref> Reeve, D., Chadwick, A. and Fleming
  38 KB (5,697 words) - 22:31, 2 July 2022
• Economic valuation of goods and services of the UK coastal and marine ecosystem
  ...ere possible. Estimating the [[Total Economic Value|total economic value]] of the coastal ecosystem in monetary terms can prevent overexploitation and en ==The valuation of biodiversity==
  9 KB (1,305 words) - 13:08, 4 March 2024
• DeCyDe for Sustainability Policy tool
  ...bility: The self-assessment of sustainability using indicators and a means of scoring them'''.</span> ...ce for the purpose of improving the sustainable development and management of coastal zones.
  25 KB (3,543 words) - 21:40, 7 August 2021
• Blue carbon sequestration
  ...293–301</ref>. However, nearly 50% of the pre-industrial, natural extent of global coastal wetlands have been lost since the 19th century<ref>Li, X., B ...s role can be used to generate finances that contribute to the realization of nature-based coastal protection and other ecosystem services delivered by c
  41 KB (6,267 words) - 13:40, 21 April 2024
• Common biomarkers for the assessment of marine pollution
  ...le [[biomarker]]s that can be used on bivalves or fish to assess the level of marine [[pollution]]. ...In the case of fish, even though the sampling is expensive, the importance of their use is linked to their position in the trophic chain and their high c
  24 KB (3,412 words) - 18:18, 5 November 2019
• Waves and currents by X-band radar
  ...f a [[remote sensing]] technique. This article starts with an introduction of the measurement technique. Furthermore it explains how obtained [[data]] ca ...ge and its impact on coastal protection, wave and current measurements are of growing importance.
  12 KB (1,894 words) - 11:32, 25 January 2024
• Nutrient conversion in the marine environment
  ...provides a brief introduction to the processes involved in the conversion of the main nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon. ...63</ref>, very different from the Redfield ratio 16:1 (average N:P ratio of phytoplankton).
  26 KB (3,923 words) - 20:02, 4 August 2023
• Dune erosion
  ...h dune erosion by storms and provides some simple rules from which retreat of the dune front can be estimated. The focus is on the so-called 'collision r ...te Holocene aeolian dune formation on the storm-dominated macrotidal coast of the southern North Sea. Marine Geology 276: 100–104</ref>, see also the a
  42 KB (6,534 words) - 12:05, 15 November 2023
• North Sea pollution from shipping: legal framework
  ....aspx IMO]), the general rules in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ([https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_ove ...//www.imo.org/en/About/Pages/Default.aspx IMO], a specialized organisation of the United Nations.
  52 KB (7,826 words) - 12:32, 12 July 2020
• Measuring instruments for coasts
  ...of sediment transport along the coast. The article also goes into location of sampling. . The order of preference is based on the overall sampling accuracy.
  12 KB (1,782 words) - 11:43, 7 September 2020
• Greek case studies: Long term geomorphological changes in the coastal zone of the Thermaikos Gulf, Salonika Region, North Greece
  ...hysical & Environmental Geography, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece''' ...sent). The Holocene transgression caused the inundation of the lower parts of the valley and gradually led to the present shoreline configuration.
  12 KB (1,857 words) - 21:58, 28 June 2019
• Global Forum of Oceans, Coasts and Islands
  ...undations) with the common goal of encouraging the sustainable development of oceans, coasts, and islands. ...velopment (OECD); and Magdalena Muir, Research Associate, Arctic Institute of North America.
  16 KB (2,281 words) - 16:59, 1 August 2019
• Kyoto Protocol
  ...ic]] interference with the climate system". In essence reduce the emission of greenhouse gases that cause global warming. ...1990 levels in the commitment period 2008-2012. After two and a half years of intense negotiations, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted at COP 3 in Kyoto, Jap
  12 KB (1,909 words) - 17:05, 31 July 2020
• Strategic Environmental Assessment
  This article summarises the relationship of [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)]] and strategic environmental a ...lationship between socioeconomic and environmental impacts and poor levels of institutional coordination.
  5 KB (627 words) - 15:24, 7 October 2021
• Harmful algal bloom
  |definition= Harmful algal blooms or HABs are [[algal bloom]]s composed of phytoplankton that naturally produce biotoxins. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) ==Effects of harmful algal blooms==
  23 KB (3,458 words) - 22:27, 12 February 2024
• Computable general equilibrium
  ...ge levels to (negatively) affect labour demands. One of the main interests of CGE models is their dynamic characteristic enabling to make projections up A CGE model consists of (a) equations describing model variables and (b) a database (usually very d
  9 KB (1,259 words) - 14:06, 1 August 2019
• Light fields and optics in coastal waters
  ...ters and light field modelling. For more information about the measurement of light fields, see also the article [[Optical measurements in coastal waters ==Introduction of underwater light fields==
  26 KB (3,866 words) - 20:41, 19 August 2020
• Measurements of biodiversity
  A variety of 'objective' measures have been developed in order to estimate biodiversity ==Different types of biodiversity indices==
  49 KB (7,689 words) - 12:26, 4 March 2024
• Meiofauna
  ...a 1 mm mesh will also depend upon whether it is alive or dead at the time of sorting.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiobenthos</ref>}} ...ig. 1. Harpacticoid copepod, belonging to the ''Harpacticoida'', subphylum of ''Crustacea''. They are benthic copepods found throughout the world, mostly
  7 KB (1,001 words) - 17:37, 30 December 2023
• Impacts caused by increasing urbanization
  ...y of the phenomena and of values interested by the increasing urbanization of Mediterranean coastal zones. ==Urbanization of coastal zones in the Mediterranean==
  16 KB (2,380 words) - 17:04, 15 July 2020
• Marine Spatial Planning - the need for a common language
  ...nefits it can offer. It also briefly discusses some international examples of marine spatial planning today. ...lood of Space. Towards a Spatial Structure Plan for Sustainable Management of the North Sea. Belgian Science Policy, 2005, pp. 14-15</ref>. Similar exper
  36 KB (5,342 words) - 18:20, 16 February 2024
• Ocean acidification
  ...issolves in seawater producing carbonic acid, which subsequently lowers pH of surrounding seawater; widely thought to be happening on a global scale.}} ...result that calcifying organisms promote acidification, while dissolution of calcium carbonate counteracts acidification.
  23 KB (3,352 words) - 11:49, 14 May 2024
• Mangroves
  ...sing threats, conservation and [[Ecosystem rehabilitation|rehabilitation]] of mangrove forests. ...hriving in salt water. They form unique [[intertidal]] forests at the edge of land and sea, see Fig. 1. They are represented on all continents with tropi
  42 KB (6,310 words) - 17:09, 21 April 2024
• Seagrass meadows
  ...ion, [[zonation]], succession, biota, threats, functioning and adaptations of the organisms that live in seagrass meadows. ...terrestrial origin that have successfully returned to the sea. This return needs several adaptations that allow them to live in submerged ocean regions. The
  37 KB (5,414 words) - 20:23, 24 December 2023
• Ecological thresholds and regime shifts
  ...eview of literature on valuation of coastal ecosystem services. Thresholds of Environmental Sustainability. EU FP6 Integrated Project. Project contract n ...Building Adaptive Capacity in a World of Transformations. AMBIO A Journal of the Human Environment 31(5): 437-40</ref>)
  13 KB (1,919 words) - 12:33, 2 March 2024
• Trophic cascade
  |definition= Effects of removal or addition of keystone species that propagate through food webs across multiple trophic l ...A trophic cascade can also result from a strong increase in the abundance of a keystone species.
  6 KB (1,015 words) - 23:25, 27 December 2020
• Precautionary principle
  ...he principle of avoiding possible environmental damage when the scientific evidence for acting is inconclusive but the potential damage could be great<ref>[htt ...face of a potentially serious risk without waiting for definitive results of scientific research.
  1 KB (143 words) - 15:38, 3 March 2022
• Plunging wave in slow motion
  ...CEQ9QDNM plunging wave event in slow motion]''', exhibiting all the stages of the [[wave breaking]] onto a sandy beach on a windless day. ...clearly a [[shoaling]] wave that steepens suddenly, grows into a sequence of narrowly spaced plunging breakers, and dissolves explosively into spray and
  5 KB (851 words) - 21:54, 29 February 2024
• Effects of fisheries on marine biodiversity
  ...tain global fisheries. Nature 374: 255-257</ref>) estimated that over 20 % of the marine [[primary production]] is required to sustain fisheries in many ...ears<ref name="Jennings1998">Jennings, S. and Kaiser, M. 1998. The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Adv. Mar. Biol. 34: 201-352</ref>.
  33 KB (4,853 words) - 13:29, 1 February 2024
• Sand dune - Country Report, Great Britain
  ...in the Netherlands in November 1991. It attempted to provide a description of the [[sand dunes|sand dune vegetation]], sites and conservation issues thro ...pool, UK (Doody ed. 2008)<ref>Doody, J.P., ed. 2008. ''Sand Dune Inventory of Europe, 2nd Edition''. National Coastal Consultants and EUCC - The Coastal
  30 KB (4,524 words) - 12:53, 23 June 2022
• Seagrass recovery and restoration in the Wadden Sea
  ...>2</sup>) of seagrass beds (coverage of sediment > 20 %) in the intertidal of the Northfrisian Wadden Sea as estimated from aerial surveys in August or S ...sko, D.A. & Touchette, B.W. (2007). Seagrasses and eutrophication. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 350, 46-72.
  14 KB (2,227 words) - 21:36, 24 November 2020
• Monitoring coastal morphodynamics using high-precision multibeam technology
  ...am technology. This technology is explained in this article and an example of application is given. This shows how high-precision multibeam technology ca ...material? What types of seabed structures contribute most to the transport of the bed material? To what extent are morphological changes predictable?
  11 KB (1,692 words) - 15:37, 20 September 2020
• Acoustic kelp bed mapping in shallow rocky coasts - case study Helgoland (North Sea)
  ...species is the brown alga ''Laminaria hyperborea'' which grows to a length of approx. 1-2 m and provides shelter and substrate for many other species. Fo ...ng, C. & Bartsch, I.(submitted). Changes in depth distribution and biomass of sublittoral seaweeds at Helgoland (North Sea) between 1970 and 2005. Submit
  12 KB (1,843 words) - 23:06, 16 October 2021
• Thresholds and Marine Policies
  ...respassed in ways that are unpredictable and that defy the best intentions of policies and policy makers. ...cline in pressures. Time lags, partial irreversibility and the development of new buffer mechanisms can resist the return to previous states.
  9 KB (1,369 words) - 15:54, 7 October 2021
• Kelp forests
  ...weed (macro-algae) ecosystem services]] and [[Diversity and classification of marine benthic algae]]. ...st be very clear. Kelps can reach a length of more than 30 m and a biomass of 42 kg fresh weight per individual. Some kelps have flexible stems that allo
  8 KB (1,235 words) - 18:37, 18 February 2024
• Salt marshes
  ...ution, adaptations, [[zonation]], succession, biota, functions and threats of the organisms that live in saltmarshes. ...opean Union commissioned a series of Habitat Management Models for several of the more important communities. Included is a model for habitat 1330 "Atlan
  28 KB (4,120 words) - 21:17, 24 April 2024
• Coral reefs
  ...is one of the sub-categories within the section dealing with biodiversity of [[marine habitats and ecosystems]]. ...rotect coral islands and island populations against the destructive forces of the sea under storm conditions, see [[Coral islands]].
  27 KB (4,098 words) - 22:25, 5 April 2024
• Science-Policy Interaction
  ...No simple recipes have emerged. This article highlights some major causes of poor science-policy interaction and is intended as a help to avoid obvious ==Models of science-policy interaction==
  24 KB (3,360 words) - 13:16, 2 February 2023
• Thermohaline circulation of the oceans
  ...heat and -haline for salt, which constitute the [[Seawater density|density of water]]. The water masses transport both energy (heat) and matter (solids, ==Functioning of the Thermohaline Circulation (THC)==
  23 KB (3,524 words) - 17:38, 22 December 2020
• Flood risk analysis study at the German Bight Coast
  ...To assess the flood risk and to define specific risk zones, the estimation of the expected damages and its spatial distribution is crucial in addition to ...Peter-Ording at the German North Sea Coast combining failure probabilities of the [[coastal defence]] system with micro-scale socio-economic vulnerabilit
  25 KB (3,734 words) - 11:46, 17 February 2024
• Arctic ocean
  ...J., Schenke, H.W. and Johnson, P. 2008. An improved bathymetric portrayal of the Arctic Ocean: Implications for ocean modeling and geological, geophysic ...>. Its spatial extent is constrained by the Fram Strait, the western limit of the Barents Sea, the Bering Strait and the Canadian Archipelago (Fig. 1).
  14 KB (2,150 words) - 23:23, 22 February 2024
• Rhode Island Salt Pond Special Area Management Plan – Case Study
  ...ions in Environmental Protection Project (Washington, DC: National Academy of Public Administration, July 2000). http://www.napawash.org/pc_economy_envir ...dividual house sewage systems, and alterations of the quality and quantity of freshwater inflow resulting from development activities. The low, narrow ba
  13 KB (1,954 words) - 10:13, 25 July 2020
• Evolution
  This article provides an overview of the Evolution of populations and the mechanisms that derive it. ...vidual within its lifetime but it refers to changes in the characteristics of populations over the generations. These changes, which include modification
  20 KB (2,963 words) - 22:03, 2 March 2022
• Species extinction
  ...rates since humans have become Earth's dominant large animal and the cause of global environmental change. ...irst started in the deep ocean area, and then moved up to the upper layers of ocean, killing almost all living creatures.
  25 KB (3,716 words) - 18:44, 23 February 2024
• Ecological and latitudinal aspects
  ...similar pattern has been postulated for marine biota. The first suggestion of the latitudinal diversity cline was formulated in late 1950ies for hard bot ...G (2000) Latitudinal gradients of species richness in the deep-sea benthos of North Atlantic. Proc. Natl Acad Sci USA 97:4082-4085</ref> described a cle
  10 KB (1,466 words) - 12:30, 19 September 2020
• Biodiversity and Ecosystem function
  ...tz, O. and Vogt, D. 1996. Biodiversity and the productivity and stability of ecosystems. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 11: 372-377</ref>). == Importance of ecosystem function ==
  24 KB (3,402 words) - 16:25, 1 November 2020
• Chesepeake Bay Program
  ...nvestments and some notable environmental improvements, the overall health of the bay remains poor. ==Characterization of the System==
  14 KB (2,018 words) - 10:10, 25 July 2020
• Clean Water Act
  ...ation in and on the water”, wherever attainable. The fundamental purpose of the CWA has been widely communicated as making the nation’s waters “fis ==Statutory Provisions of the CWA==
  11 KB (1,629 words) - 10:10, 25 July 2020
• Algal bloom dynamics
  ...eris_cover.png |280px|thumb|right| Fig. 1. Envisat MERIS true colour image of a phytoplankton bloom (bright blue color) in the Barents Sea.]] ...s that provide insight into the phenomenon of algal blooms. A simple model of algal bloom dynamics is presented in the appendix.
  42 KB (6,475 words) - 18:18, 12 February 2024
• Meiofauna of Sandy Beaches
  ...gement and monitoring programs, and public and policy makers are not aware of its importance. Consequently, these environments and their resources are no ...igure 2). The interstitial system is also habitat for larvae and juveniles of certain macrofaunal species.
  22 KB (3,240 words) - 17:40, 30 December 2023
• Ecosystem function
  ...R.M.J. 2002. A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecological Economics 41: 393–408 Ecosystem functions are conceived as a subset of ecological processes and ecosystem structures. }}
  5 KB (662 words) - 18:28, 8 December 2020
• A review of biodiversity-ecosystem function research
  ...cesses and [[ecosystem function]], which subsequently affect the provision of ecosystem goods and services, and ultimately affect human well-being <ref n ...nds to have positive effects on ecosystem properties, although the pattern of response may vary depending on the [[ecosystem]] and species investigated.
  23 KB (3,263 words) - 12:54, 6 September 2020
• Sand dune - Country Report, Finland
  ...in the Netherlands in November 1991. It attempted to provide a description of the [[sand dunes|sand dune vegetation]], sites and [[conservation]] issues ...pool, UK (Doody ed. 2008)<ref>Doody, J.P., ed. 2008. ''Sand Dune Inventory of Europe, 2nd Edition''. National Coastal Consultants and EUCC - The Coastal
  12 KB (1,872 words) - 09:24, 30 July 2019
• Chemical and physical properties of functional metabolites
  ...f the metabolic pathways compared to the important role that these classes of compounds play in primary metabolism. ...synthesis of these compounds are often complex and significant quantities of metabolic energy may be expended to generate compounds that could otherwise
  12 KB (1,619 words) - 17:08, 7 September 2020
• Functional metabolites in benthic invertebrates
  ...narrow range in concentration of a molecule, spanning less than one order of magnitude. ...anemones, these organisms are sessile animals that respond to the presence of the tripeptide imbricatine released from the predator starfish Dermasterias
  8 KB (1,150 words) - 16:38, 5 October 2021
• Sand dune - Country Report, Denmark
  ...in the Netherlands in November 1991. It attempted to provide a description of the [[sand dunes|sand dune vegetation]], sites and [[conservation]] issues ...pool, UK (Doody ed. 2008)<ref>Doody, J.P., ed. 2008. ''Sand Dune Inventory of Europe, 2nd Edition''. National Coastal Consultants and EUCC - The Coastal
  16 KB (2,565 words) - 09:23, 30 July 2019
• Pentachloroanisole
  ...sistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) 14 April, 2009 Summary of Expert Reviews of Pentachlorophenol (PCP)]</ref>. ...ery high (higher than PCP) potential to [[bioaccumulation|bioaccumulate]]. Evidence for [[biomagnification]] still has to be produced.
  2 KB (281 words) - 14:32, 9 August 2020
• Nickel
  ...own to be essential for normal growth and reproduction in some [[species]] of animals<ref name = wiki>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel http://www.wik ...s. Most of the nickel is particulate and is therefore present in the soils of [[estuary|estuaries]]<ref name = c>Clark, R,B., 1999. Marine pollution. Oxf
  3 KB (479 words) - 14:27, 9 August 2020
• Effects of climate change on the Mediterranean
  This article reports findings of the MARBEF subprojects MARPLAN and DEEPSETS in the period 2005-2008. ...gely due to its long evolutionary history and the prehistoric introduction of many Atlantic species into the
  15 KB (2,170 words) - 13:39, 2 December 2020
• Climate change, evolution and biodiversity hotspots
  ...vealed various examples of cryptic [[species]]: [[population|populations]] of which it was previously thought that they belonged to the same species beca ...ecies. Such studies have generated important new insights into the process of speciation in the marine environment. For example the Heart Urchin, [http:/
  4 KB (580 words) - 16:43, 26 December 2020
• Disturbances, biodiversity changes and ecosystem stability
  ...tter understanding is needed of the relative importance of different kinds of changes. ...n changes in [[species diversity]]. This outcome emphasises the importance of preserving not only particular species but also the relative abundances wit
  12 KB (1,660 words) - 18:34, 16 December 2020
• Future marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research issues
  ...iversity and Ecosystem Functioning] (MarBEF) has, over the past five years of its existence, moulded a scientific community that has never been so concep ...which are now much clearer than before, but MarBEF has also revealed areas of weakness that require concentrated effort <ref name="ma">[https://www.resea
  15 KB (2,229 words) - 18:36, 22 February 2021
• Marine Protected Areas in Europe
  ...e Birds and Habitats Directive is briefly described and the current status of marine Natura 2000 sites is outlined. .... Independent reports about losses in marine species, depleted populations of commercial fish stocks and increasing human pressures on marine ecosystems
  20 KB (2,790 words) - 11:10, 25 September 2021
• The ICZM Process - a Roadmap towards Coastal Sustainability - Analysis and Future
  The overall aim of the '''Analysis and Futures''' stage is to add substance to the issues and ...for ICZM|Building the Evidence]]''' - carrying out more detailed analyses of key issues where needed.
  2 KB (312 words) - 11:57, 25 July 2020
• Vertakt viltwier
  ...andere beschutte gebieden <ref name="1a">Trowbridge, C.D. (1998). Ecology of the green macroalga ''Codium fragile'' (Suringar) Hariot 1889: invasive and ...h 2006 Oostende, Belgium. C.M. - International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, CM 2006(ACME:05): pp. 43-45. [http://www.vliz.be/imis/imis.php?mod
  15 KB (2,167 words) - 14:37, 28 March 2012
• Rugstreepsteurgarnaal
  ...s'' in the Southern Bight of the North Sea, with a key to the Palaemonidae of north-western Europe (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridae) Ned. Faunist. Meded. 22 ...onitoring to investigate the changes in species composition in the harbour of Ghent (Belgium) Hydrobiologia 663: 155-166. [http://www.vliz.be/imis/imis.p
  18 KB (2,592 words) - 12:25, 26 January 2012
• Nearshore sandbars
  ...rtoon of Fig. 1 shows a typical example of the transformation and breaking of incident waves in the nearshore zone. ...c wave conditions. This usually occurs in conjunction with the development of a rip cell system, as described in the articles [[Rip current]] and [[Rhyth
  24 KB (3,613 words) - 17:34, 14 November 2023
• Deciding on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) for ICZM
  ...they are fully included and appropriately addressed at the earliest stage of decision-making, on a par with economic and social considerations.”(Evalu ...institutional cooperation and public participation being key determinants of success. The key message for an SEA applied to the process is: keep it simp
  6 KB (833 words) - 11:14, 25 July 2020
• Building the Evidence: Diagnostic Report for ICZM
  ...task is to better understand both the present context and the future flows of processes in the area. This is achieved by: ...the key problems and issues and, then, summarizing the existing conditions of the area and root causes, focusing on the agreed priorities (governance, en
  5 KB (756 words) - 17:16, 12 July 2020
• Deteriorated groynes
  ...(considerably) reduced. Therefore, the observations of long-term behavior of wooden palisade groynes at Hel Peninsula, [[Baltic Sea]], Poland, see Fig. ...nce of deteriorating groynes contributes to the reduction of erosion rates of fill sediment.
  25 KB (3,878 words) - 17:18, 3 September 2020
• Deep ocean observatories
  ...elevant variables at a number of key locations. A high temporal resolution of the data set is essential to: ...loom |phytoplankton blooms]] that have profound effects on the functioning of the oceans
  10 KB (1,459 words) - 14:43, 7 November 2013
• Biogenic reefs of Europe and temporal variability
  ==European-scale distribution of biogenic reefs== ...e OSPAR Status Report 2010 <ref name= "OSPAR"/> depicting the distribution of the threatened and/or declining coastal and shelf habitats in Europe.]]
  26 KB (3,875 words) - 18:26, 7 March 2023
• Monitoring changes in North Atlantic plankton communities
  ...long-term monitoring is to establish a baseline for the various components of the ecosystem, and how they interact. * distinguish between the effects of human activities and natural variability
  7 KB (1,087 words) - 12:44, 6 March 2022
• Shore protection vegetation
  ...ant species that contribute to strengthening the shore protection function of dune coasts. The focus is on plants that can cope with the saline, nutrient ...exhaustive. There are hundreds of plant species occurring along the shores of different continents that are adapted to nearshore conditions. The inventor
  76 KB (10,699 words) - 12:24, 15 November 2023
• Dynamics, threats and management of salt marshes
  ...MAN, P.M.J. (2007). Spatial flow and sedimentation patterns within patches of epibenthic structures. ''Cont. Shelf Res.''. '''27(8)''': 1020-1045. dx.doi ...''). They can be found on the [[Tidal flats from space|mud flats]] seaward of the salt marsh edge (Figure 1), where the salt marsh is developing.
  43 KB (6,451 words) - 18:31, 7 March 2023
• Dynamics, threats and management of biogenic reefs
  ...rocesses and mechanisms driving natural dynamics and ecosystem development of biogenic reefs are discussed for each group in turn. ...lus montagui of the Wash. Laboratory Leaflet (New Series) No. 28. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Lowestoft. pp. 46.</ref>; Limpenny ''et al
  69 KB (10,049 words) - 18:34, 7 March 2023
• The Ocean as a natural heritage
  ...; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; "><span style="color:#FFFFFF">The Tree of Life</span></div> ...s on earth in an evolutionary context. Whereas this was initially the task of biologists (taxonomists and systematicists), it has become a joint venture
  8 KB (1,112 words) - 12:11, 8 August 2019
• Integrating Climate Change into the ICZM planning process - Introduction
  ...ver basin and aquifer management and by the Guidelines for the preparation of National ICZM strategies <ref>The ICZM process has been presented in the th ...and aquifer management”, April, 2012; “Guidelines for the preparation of National ICZM Strategies required by the Integrated Coastal Zone Management
  4 KB (554 words) - 22:17, 1 August 2019
• The Ocean as a unique laboratory
  Spanning billions of years of evolution and the entire Tree of Life, marine organisms - as individuals, as cells and as biochemichal syste ...genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics have increased our understanding of how cellular components function, interact and are regulated.
  8 KB (1,265 words) - 12:12, 8 August 2019
• Integrating Climate Change into the ICZM planning process - Analysis and Future
  ==Building the evidence== ...e is to establish an operational foundation for the subsequent preparation of the plan and its implementation. From a climate viewpoint the key tasks are
  23 KB (3,668 words) - 16:05, 5 February 2020
• OSPAR and eutrophication
  ...)) facilitates the eutrophication related work by evaluation of the extent of eutrophication problems in the OSPAR maritime area and identifying the acti ...'''Common Procedure''' for the Identification of the Eutrophication Status of the OSPAR Maritime Area.
  4 KB (568 words) - 13:40, 30 July 2020
• Possible consequences of eutrophication
  ...countries where fish and other aquatic organisms are a significant source of food<ref>Nixon, S.W. and Buckley, B. A. 2002. “A strikingly rich zone” ===Increased biomass of phytoplankton resulting in [[algal bloom]]s===
  19 KB (2,819 words) - 11:05, 20 February 2024
• Cultural heritage
  ...n overview on special issues connected to Cultural Heritage in the context of integrated coastal zone management ...nservation are frequently not developed, and the ethic imperative in favor of future generation's rights only rarely has a political voice in coastal man
  17 KB (2,560 words) - 21:44, 6 September 2020
• Modelling coastal hydrodynamics
  ...investigated. Research is being carried out to improve the representation of tides, waves, currents, and surge in coastal waters. <br> ...from the three methodologies are presented together with an extensive list of references.
  99 KB (15,083 words) - 13:37, 7 November 2021
• Dynamics of mud transport
  ...French).</ref> was probably the first to present a comprehensive overview of all the processes involved in mud dynamics. In order to understand the dynamics of mud in coastal environments, it is necessary to properly define mud and its
  28 KB (4,158 words) - 16:19, 27 February 2023
• Dune development
  [[File: WorldDuneMap.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Fig. 1. World map of coastal zones where well-developed coastal dune belts occur. Adapted from M ...es dune formation is described in [[Shore protection vegetation]]; erosion of the dune under storm conditions is dealt with in [[Dune erosion]].
  21 KB (3,125 words) - 23:07, 24 February 2023
• Marine Biotechnology international summary
  ...erious target for any country with significant aquatic biodiversity. It is of interest that the report noted that very few countries have national marine ...ion and chemical characterisation, followed by synthesis or semi-synthesis of the molecule or an active analogue. Prialt® ziconotide, a painkiller origi
  22 KB (3,139 words) - 16:48, 3 September 2020
• Marine Biotechnology in Malaysia
  ...lled through the Malaysia Biotech Corporation, part of MOSTI, the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. == Centres of marine biotechnology research ==
  3 KB (363 words) - 11:31, 9 August 2019
• Marine Biotechnology in other South-East Asia countries
  ...ts in Brunei, and biodiversity/ecology research, but little or no evidence of marine biotechnology. ...f natural resources including biodiversity). These all focus on prevention of damage to biodiversity rather than sustainable development and use<ref name
  4 KB (616 words) - 10:03, 10 August 2019
• Threats to Coral Reefs: the Effects of Chemical Pollution
  ...&refid=71491 Spalding, M., Green, E., & Ravilious, C. (2001). World Atlas of Coral Reefs. UNEP-WCMC.]</ref>. ...for stress assessment in scleractinian corals, used to examine the effects of cyanide from cyanide fishing. Mar Pollut Bull, 864-874.]</ref>.
  20 KB (2,870 words) - 09:27, 7 October 2022
• Gracilaria vermiculophylla
  ...leur, is sterk vertakt en groeit vooral in zanderige en modderige estuaria of baaien. De soort is bestand tegen grote schommelingen in temperatuur en zou ...ame=Skriptsova2009>Skriptsova, A.V.; Choi, H.G. (2009). Taxonomic revision of ''Gracilaria "verrucosa"'' from the Russian Far East based on morphological
  19 KB (2,704 words) - 15:33, 23 July 2013
• Study Cornwall and Scilly Isles
  ..., and the picturesque fishing villages that are so central to the identity of the region and the tourism offer. ...n to attract the next generation of fishers has also been central to a lot of the FLAGs with investment in fisher training, in port/ beach infrastructure
  13 KB (1,925 words) - 22:10, 1 August 2019
• Case study Hastings
  ...tionery Office (TSO), London</ref>. Hastings has sought to address pockets of severe social and economic deprivation through intensive government and com ...n to attract the next generation of fishers has also been central to a lot of the FLAGs with investment in port/ beach infrastructure and other health an
  14 KB (1,997 words) - 21:49, 1 August 2019
• Case study Northern Devon
  ...ety of flat fish. Ray is the main catch in North Devon, accounting for 70% of all landings <ref name="Northern Devon FLAG, 2011"/>. ...economy directly (through income and employment), and indirectly (in terms of community identity and tourist visitor spend) <ref name="Northern Devon FLA
  14 KB (2,062 words) - 21:50, 1 August 2019
• Lowestoft
  ...un to develop as a centre of the renewable energy industry within the East of England.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowestoft</ref> ...&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAg&biw=1366&bih=643#q=Lowestoft+fishing+port&tbm=isch Images of Lowestoft]
  4 KB (536 words) - 10:07, 11 December 2014
• Women and social cohesion in coastal communities
  ...icy makers and the general public, in spite of their presence in all areas of the sector. ...in societies and supports the social fabric in the historic fishing towns of [[Arnemuiden_Women|Arnemuiden]] (1) and [[Breskens Women|Breskens]] (2) in
  15 KB (1,996 words) - 12:34, 28 November 2014
• Case study GIFS project: Hastings
  ...ion for applying the GIFS methods here in order to capture a comprehensive evidence base to help inform that planning. ...economic development strategies. The objective is to provide a robust set of findings for policymakers and stakeholders that reflect the total value and
  11 KB (1,631 words) - 10:12, 31 October 2014
• Newlyn Women
  ...ishing port located in the county of Cornwall in England with a population of around 3,600 inhabitants. It has the largest and busiest fishing port in En ...g fleet known as “Luggers” to capture sardines. The strategic location of the port allows exports to European countries and supply to London restaura
  4 KB (643 words) - 15:30, 20 November 2014
• Wells-next-the Sea Women
  ...fishing and the living example of families with seven or eight generations of fishermen. ...t resident fleet to facilitate boat launching. However, with the evolution of rules and regulations set by the EU, fishing has become harder and fisherme
  4 KB (726 words) - 16:33, 20 November 2014
• Cromer Women
  ...fishing and the living example of families with seven or eight generations of fishermen. ...t resident fleet to facilitate boat launching. However, with the evolution of rules and regulations set by the EU, fishing has become harder and fisherme
  5 KB (747 words) - 16:34, 20 November 2014
• Coral Molecular Biomarkers
  == An Overview of the Ecotoxicology of Coral == ...r stress-response pathways characterized in corals, as well as the effects of major stress-inducing agents on coral are discussed.
  50 KB (7,106 words) - 12:42, 14 September 2020
• Harbour porpoise in the Belgian part of the North Sea
  ...ailable scientific information about the distribution, biology and ecology of the harbour porpoise in the BPNS and adjacent areas. Although information o ...highly relevant in the context of conservation, monitoring and evaluation of harbour porpoise populations that frequent the BPNS. More detailed scientif
  77 KB (11,773 words) - 16:58, 17 February 2024
• Beach Cusps
  ...diments and normally incident waves. Overall, beach cusps are probably one of the most intriguing and striking patterns in the nearshore. ...Beach cusps (left panel, courtesy of M. Olabarrieta; right panel courtesy of Amaia Alegria).]]
  11 KB (1,666 words) - 16:48, 7 October 2022
• Estuarine morphological modelling
  ...Moreover, due to their position between land and sea, they are often areas of intense human activity. ...e transport of sediment, often a mix of sand and fines, involves a variety of mechanisms.
  36 KB (5,524 words) - 21:38, 28 June 2019
• Infragravity waves
  ...aves according to wave period. The forces responsible for various portions of the spectrum are shown. The relative ...f name=M50>Munk, W., 1950. Origin and generation of waves, in: Proceedings of First Conference on Coastal Engineering, Long Beach, California</ref>]]
  25 KB (3,848 words) - 16:22, 25 February 2023
• Sand ridges in shelf seas
  ...ably related to the inherent instability of a flat seabed under the action of currents, although in some cases relict seabed structures may have triggere ...are these ridges generated and maintained? And what causes the regularity of ridge fields?
  22 KB (3,464 words) - 15:25, 24 April 2021
• Shallow-water wave theory
  ...ransformation. The following sections describe some aspects of wave theory of particular application in coastal engineering. Some results are quoted with ...heory and Design Practice (2nd ed) E & FN Spon.</ref>, with the permission of Spon Press.
  86 KB (13,927 words) - 12:36, 3 May 2023
• Shoreface profile
  ...her influences. A similar definition is: The shoreface is the zone seaward of the shoreline where offshore generated waves interact with the upward slopi ...file, often called beach profile, is the cross-shore coastal depth profile of the shoreface. }}
  59 KB (9,016 words) - 11:16, 19 April 2024
• EU workshop (2007) on climate change and eutrophication
  ...iated with eutrophication”. The event occurred due to the shared concern of European institutions and organizations about the need to integrate scienti ...on. There has been ongoing activity following the workshop, and discussion of regional implementation in the north Atlantic and Baltic region. These comm
  11 KB (1,645 words) - 20:28, 27 June 2020
• North Atlantic Oscillation
  ...n the North Atlantic Ocean characterized by fluctuations in the difference of atmospheric pressure at sea level (SLP) between the Icelandic Low and the A ...variability over the north Atlantic, based on the analysis of monthly data of the mean 500 millibar height anomaly<ref>[https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/
  8 KB (1,246 words) - 20:12, 26 May 2023
• Effect of Climate Change in the Baltic Sea Area
  ...Bay, the Bothnian Sea, the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga, and the Gulf of Gdansk, the Bornholm and Arkona basins, followed by the Sound, the Belt Sea ...a. More than 200 large rivers flow into the Baltic bringing around 480 km3 of freshwater annually. That makes the Baltic Sea the largest brackish water b
  14 KB (2,207 words) - 12:17, 21 February 2024
• Nature-based shore protection
  Nature can offer shore protection in addition to or instead of manmade hard structures. Nature-based shore protection is provided by livin ...tion]] gives and introduction to the role of vegetation for the protection of dune coasts. Shore nourishment is a widely practiced nature-based coastal p
  69 KB (10,397 words) - 17:04, 17 April 2024
• Multifunctionality and Valuation in coastal zones: concepts, approaches, tools and case studies
  ...conomic activities in coastal areas and (2) strategies for the integration of these conflicting interests into [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM * the definition of basic concepts underlying different evaluation approaches
  23 KB (3,467 words) - 18:50, 21 February 2024
• Multifunctionality and Valuation in coastal zones: introduction
  ...e managers to consider the requests and needs originating from the variety of functions in [[coastal zone]]s. ==What does Multifunctionality mean for the management of coastal zones ?==
  15 KB (2,274 words) - 18:44, 21 February 2024
• Biogeomorphology of coastal systems
  ...he '''biogeomorphology of coastal aquatic systems'''. The biogeomorpholgy of both hard and soft substratum including the role in which plants and animal ...ltmarshes) that are important for fish and birds and serve as a vital part of our natural coastal defence against storm surges and [[sea level rise]].
  15 KB (2,154 words) - 18:43, 7 March 2023
• Marine data portals and tools
  This article provides an overview of marine data portals, update 2021. ...Union that provides free, regular and systematic information on the state of the ocean, on a global and regional scale. Copernicus offers ocean hindcast
  25 KB (3,541 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2021
• Shoreface nourishment
  ...Artificial sand supply in the subtidal [[active coastal zone|active zone]] of the coastal profile with sand imported from a source outside the [[active c ...esses and so contributes to raising the seafloor and mitigating the effect of [[sea level rise]].
  9 KB (1,419 words) - 18:14, 17 January 2022
• Oil spill pollution impact and recovery
  ...Five: Effects of the Prestige Oil Spill on the Biota of NW Spain: 5 Years of Learning. Advances in Marine Biology 56: 365-396</ref>): ...ent, hindering food capture, and escape from predators), or acute toxicity of fuel.
  32 KB (4,859 words) - 16:36, 15 February 2024
• Application of Land and Ecosystem Accounts (LEAC)
  ...eea.europa.eu/ EEA]) along the development of the United Nation’s System of integrated Environmental and Economic Accounts ([https://seea.un.org/ SEEA1 ...l area]] or a [[Marine_Protected_Areas MPAs)|protected area]], in the form of statistics and maps.
  27 KB (3,989 words) - 16:53, 26 December 2020
• Natural variability and change in coastal ecosystems
  ...ility as a basis for understanding the problems that managers face because of the constant change taking place within coastal systems. ...considered here, at different geographical scales and at different levels of coastal and marine ecosystems. The way in which natural variation is influe
  28 KB (4,152 words) - 12:34, 6 March 2022
• Ecological enhancement of coastal protection structures
  ...the integration of ecosystems that reinforce the shore protection function of artificial structures. Examples discussed in this article are ecological en ...nited States coastline (Popkin, 2015<ref>Popkin, G. 2015. Fourteen percent of U.S. coastline is covered in concrete. Science [Online]. Available: https:/
  16 KB (2,325 words) - 21:09, 31 March 2024
• Shoreline retreat and recovery
  Two types of processes can be responsible for shoreline retreat and advance. .... The other type is beach erosion/accretion related to temporal variations of the shoreline.
  29 KB (4,526 words) - 12:45, 24 April 2024
• Seaweed (macro-algae) ecosystem services
  ...Kelps, large brown algae of the order ''Laminariales'', are a major group of seaweed, discussed in the article [[Kelp forests]]. [[File: SeaweedSpecies.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Fig. 1. Examples of the three main taxonomic groups: a. phylum ''Chlorophyta'' (green algae); b
  35 KB (5,044 words) - 17:21, 16 February 2024
• Ocean carbon sink
  ...al periods is only a small part of the gross primary production. Estimates of the sequestered carbon are: about 3 Pg C/y on land and about 2.4 Pg C/y in .... Ecol. Environ. 9: 552–560</ref>. The ocean carbon pool consists mainly of dissolved CO₂ , bicarbonate (HCO₃^-), carbo
  12 KB (1,798 words) - 22:09, 23 April 2024
• Coral islands
  ...Holdaway, A., Ford, M. and Owen, S. 2021. Global-scale changes in the area of atoll islands during the 21st century. Owen Anthropocene 33, 100282</ref>. ...erial<ref name=KO>Kench, P.S. and Owen, S.D. 2022. Coral Systems. Ch. 8.22 of Treatise on Geomorphology (ed. Shroder, J.F.), Elsevier</ref>.
  8 KB (1,229 words) - 20:45, 2 April 2024
• Long-period lunar tides
  ...ation in each point can therefore be represented by a linear superposition of sinusoidal tidal components with periods derived from the various astronomi The Earth's and Moon's orbital motion are characterized by a limited number of fundamental periods:
  20 KB (3,076 words) - 23:17, 2 July 2023
• Bathymetry from remote sensing wave propagation
  ...nterpreted using advanced analysis techniques. This article discusses some of the processes that determine the relationship between bathymetry and surfac ...n of wave phase speed and nearshore bathymetry from video imagery. Journal of Geophysical Research 105(C9): 22015–22033</ref><ref>Aarninkhof, S.G.J., R
  10 KB (1,593 words) - 10:46, 29 January 2024