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Echinoidea source details

Southward, E.C.; Campbell, A.C. (2006). [Echinoderms: keys and notes for the identification of British species]. Synopses of the British fauna (new series), 56. Field Studies Council: Shrewsbury, UK. ISBN 1-85153-269-2. 272 pp.
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Brissopsis lyrifera (Forbes, 1841) (additional source)
Cidaris cidaris (Linnaeus, 1758) (additional source)
Echinocardium cordatum (Pennant, 1777) (additional source)
Echinocardium flavescens (O.F. Müller, 1776) (additional source)
Echinocardium pennatifidum Norman, 1868 (additional source)
Echinocyamus pusillus (O.F. Müller, 1776) (additional source)
Echinus acutus Lamarck, 1816 accepted as Gracilechinus acutus (Lamarck, 1816) (additional source)
Echinus acutus var. flemingii Forbes, 1841 accepted as Echinus acutus acutus Lamarck, 1816 represented as Echinus acutus Lamarck, 1816 accepted as Gracilechinus acutus (Lamarck, 1816) (basis of record)
Echinus acutus var. mediterraneus Diakonov, 1923 accepted as Echinus acutus acutus Lamarck, 1816 represented as Echinus acutus Lamarck, 1816 accepted as Gracilechinus acutus (Lamarck, 1816) (basis of record)
Echinus acutus var. norvegicus Düben & Koren, 1844 accepted as Echinus acutus norvegicus Düben & Koren, 1844 accepted as Gracilechinus acutus norvegicus (Düben & Koren, 1844) (basis of record)
Echinus elegans Düben & Koren, 1844 accepted as Gracilechinus elegans (Düben & Koren, 1844) (additional source)
Echinus esculentus Linnaeus, 1758 (additional source)
Echinus tenuispinus Norman, 1868 (additional source)
Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) (additional source)
Psammechinus miliaris (P.L.S. Müller, 1771) (additional source)
Spatangus purpureus O.F. Müller, 1776 (additional source)
Spatangus raschi Lovén, 1869 (additional source)
Sphaerechinus granularis (Lamarck, 1816) (additional source)
Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (O.F. Müller, 1776) (additional source)
Strongylocentrotus pallidus (Sars G.O., 1872) (additional source)
Arctic Ocean for Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (O.F. Müller, 1776) 
Arctic Ocean for Strongylocentrotus pallidus (Sars G.O., 1872) 
Azores for Echinocyamus pusillus (O.F. Müller, 1776) 
British Isles for Brissopsis lyrifera (Forbes, 1841) 
British Isles for Cidaris cidaris (Linnaeus, 1758) 
British Isles for Cidaris cidaris (Linnaeus, 1758) 
British Isles for Echinocardium cordatum (Pennant, 1777) 
British Isles for Echinocardium flavescens (O.F. Müller, 1776) 
British Isles for Echinocardium pennatifidum Norman, 1868 
British Isles for Echinocyamus pusillus (O.F. Müller, 1776) 
British Isles for Echinus esculentus Linnaeus, 1758 
British Isles for Psammechinus miliaris (P.L.S. Müller, 1771) 
British Isles for Spatangus purpureus O.F. Müller, 1776 
British Isles for Spatangus raschi Lovén, 1869 
British Isles for Spatangus raschi Lovén, 1869 
Cape Verde for Sphaerechinus granularis (Lamarck, 1816)  (inaccurate)
Channel Islands for Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) 
Channel Islands for Sphaerechinus granularis (Lamarck, 1816) 
Cornwall for Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) 
Devon for Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) 
English Channel for Echinocardium pennatifidum Norman, 1868 
Faroe Islands for Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (O.F. Müller, 1776) 
Island of Skye for Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) 
Mediterranean Sea for Echinus acutus var. mediterraneus Diakonov, 1923 
Mediterranean Sea for Echinus acutus var. norvegicus Düben & Koren, 1844 
Mediterranean Sea for Sphaerechinus granularis (Lamarck, 1816) 
North East Atlantic for Brissopsis lyrifera (Forbes, 1841) 
North East Atlantic for Cidaris cidaris (Linnaeus, 1758) 
North East Atlantic for Echinocardium flavescens (O.F. Müller, 1776) 
North East Atlantic for Echinocardium pennatifidum Norman, 1868 
North East Atlantic for Echinocyamus pusillus (O.F. Müller, 1776) 
North East Atlantic for Echinus acutus var. flemingii Forbes, 1841 
North East Atlantic for Echinus acutus var. norvegicus Düben & Koren, 1844 
North East Atlantic for Echinus elegans Düben & Koren, 1844 
North East Atlantic for Echinus esculentus Linnaeus, 1758 
North East Atlantic for Psammechinus miliaris (P.L.S. Müller, 1771) 
North East Atlantic for Spatangus purpureus O.F. Müller, 1776 
North East Atlantic for Spatangus raschi Lovén, 1869 
North East Atlantic for Sphaerechinus granularis (Lamarck, 1816) 
North East Coast of England for Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (O.F. Müller, 1776) 
North Pacific for Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (O.F. Müller, 1776) 
North Pacific for Strongylocentrotus pallidus (Sars G.O., 1872) 
North West Atlantic for Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (O.F. Müller, 1776) 
North West Atlantic for Strongylocentrotus pallidus (Sars G.O., 1872) 
Northern North Pacific for Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (O.F. Müller, 1776) 
Norwegian Exclusive Economic Zone for Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (O.F. Müller, 1776) 
Norwegian Exclusive Economic Zone for Strongylocentrotus pallidus (Sars G.O., 1872) 
Orkney for Strongylocentrotus pallidus (Sars G.O., 1872) 
Scilly Isles for Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) 
Scotland for Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (O.F. Müller, 1776) 
Shetlands for Echinocardium pennatifidum Norman, 1868 
Shetlands for Echinus elegans Düben & Koren, 1844 
Shetlands for Echinus tenuispinus Norman, 1868 
Shetlands for Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (O.F. Müller, 1776) 
Shetlands for Strongylocentrotus pallidus (Sars G.O., 1872) 
West Africa for Echinocyamus pusillus (O.F. Müller, 1776) 
West Ireland for Echinus elegans Düben & Koren, 1844 
West Ireland for Echinus tenuispinus Norman, 1868 
West Ireland for Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) 
West Scotland for Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) 
 Authority

(Forbes M.S. in Thompson, 1840) [details]

 Authority

Ayres, 1851 [details]

 Authority

Koren, 1844 [details]

 Authority

M. Sars, 1861 [details]

 Authority

(Gunnerus, 1767) [details]

 Breeding

Hermaphrodite, possibly self-fertilising, viviparous. May-September? [details]

 Breeding

Yolky eggs. Spring [details]

 Breeding

Ophiopluteus larva. Autumn. [details]

 Breeding

Ophiopluteus larva. Summer [details]

 Breeding

Large eggs. Summer [details]

 Breeding

Eggs, attached to genital pinnules, hatch to barrel-shaped ciliated larva; settlement stage is pentacrinoid. All ... [details]

 Breeding

Eggs, shed freely, larvae and pentacrinoid as in A. bifida[details]

 Breeding

Planktonic bipinnaria and brachilaria larva. Summer [details]

 Breeding

Protandrous hermaphrodite; eggs are laid in creviices, but are not brooded. Summer [details]

 Breeding

Simultaneous hermaphrodite. Eggs are laid in masses and are brooded for three weeks under the humped body. May-June. [details]

 Breeding

Large eggs, probably direct development [details]

 Breeding

Bipinnaria larva. Summer. [details]

 Breeding

Echinopluteus larva [details]

 Breeding

Direct development? Winter [details]

 Breeding

Barrel - shaped, red larvae. Early spring [details]

 Breeding

Large red eggs. Summer [details]

 Breeding

Echinopluteus larva. Summer [details]

 Breeding

Mature early summer [details]

 Breeding

Echinopluteus larva. Summer - autumn [details]

 Breeding

Echinopluteus larva. Summer [details]

 Breeding

Echinopluteus larva. Early sumer [details]

 Breeding

Large eggs; probably direct development [details]

 Breeding

Eggs released, larvae not known. Juveniles of the Arctic species G. eucnemis are known to live on, or in, the ... [details]

 Breeding

Lecithotrophic, probaly planktonic larva. Spring [details]

 Breeding

Probably involves planktonic larva [details]

 Breeding

Probably involving planktonic larva [details]

 Breeding

Broods young. Spring [details]

 Breeding

Auricularia larva. Summer [details]

 Breeding

Yolky eggs, probably direct development [details]

 Breeding

Yolky eggs, probably direct development [details]

 Breeding

Auricularia larva. Summer [details]

 Breeding

Broods young in spring [details]

 Breeding

Doliolatia larva [details]

 Breeding

Doliolaria larva. Spring [details]

 Breeding

Viviparous, can contain several developing young [details]

 Breeding

Bipinnaria larva. Summer [details]

 Breeding

Bipinnaria larva. Winter-spring. [details]

 Breeding

Hermaphrodite. Planktonic brachiloraia larva. Spring - summer [details]

 Breeding

Large eggs, probable direct development [details]

 Breeding

Can reproduce by fission [details]

 Breeding

Doliolaria larva [details]

 Breeding

Ophiopluteus larva. Summer [details]

 Breeding

Ophiopluteus larva. Summer [details]

 Breeding

Ophipluteus larva. Summer [details]

 Breeding

Ophiopluteus larva [details]

 Breeding

Mature in summer [details]

 Breeding

Ophiopluteus larva. Spring - Summer [details]

 Breeding

Ophiopluteus larva. Summer [details]

 Breeding

Ophiopluteus larva. Summer [details]

 Breeding

Ophiopluteus larva. April-May [details]

 Breeding

Probably ophiopluteus larva [details]

 Breeding

Echinopluteus larva. Summer [details]

 Breeding

Brachiolaria larva. Spring. [details]

 Breeding

Echinopluteus larva. Spring to autumn [details]

 Breeding

Non-feeding barrel-shaped red larva. February - March [details]

 Breeding

Brood young under membrane [details]

 Breeding

Echinopluteus larva. Summer [details]

 Breeding

Echinopluteus larva. Summer [details]

 Breeding

Probably planktonic larva. Summer [details]

 Breeding

Auricularia larva [details]

 Breeding

Echinopluteus larva. January to May [details]

 Breeding

Echinopluteus larva. February to May [details]

 Breeding

Large eggs; non-pelagic development [details]

 Distribution

Intertidal to more than 200 m depth. Common along algae in tidepools and damp places , and under stones in gravel, ... [details]

 Distribution

From the intertidal to about 40 m depth, deeply buried in sand or muddy sand, with some of the arm tips reaching ... [details]

 Distribution

In depths of 50 to more than 200 m, burrowing in sand or muddy sand, all round the British Isles, but rare in the ... [details]

 Distribution

From 5 to more than 200 m depth, in muddy sand or mud, all round the British Isles, except, possibly, the southeast [details]

 Distribution

At about 10 to 20 m depth, in sand, Galway Bay (Ireland) and Plymouth (southwest England); probably overlooked elsewhere [details]

 Distribution

In depths of 10 to 500 m, on gravel, sand, mud and ocassionally rock; English Channel, Irish Sea, rare off western ... [details]

 Distribution

SW Iceland to the Faroe Islands and Scandinavia (Trondhjemsfjord S along the Norwegian and W Swedish coasts to ... [details]

 Distribution

Low intertidal to about 30 m depth,under stones and in crevices; in the Channel Islands and along the western ... [details]

 Distribution

Lower shore to more than 200 m depth, on rock gravel and sand; very common all round the British Isles [details]

 Distribution

From the lower shore to about 125 m depth, on rocky shores, under overhangs, under stones and in rock pools, ... [details]

 Distribution

Occurs in large, deep, high-level rock pools on fairly exposed shores; less common in lower pools and sublittoral. ... [details]

 Distribution

In more than 100 m depth, clinging to sea pens and gorgonians towards the edge of the continental shelf and in some ... [details]

 Distribution

Sublittoral to more than 200 m depth; lives buried in sand or muddy sand, all around the British Isles except for ... [details]

 Distribution

In depths of more than 130 m, on gravel, stones and coral, to the north and west ofo the British Isles [details]

 Distribution

From low intertidal to more than 200 m depth, mainly on coarse sand and gravel, all round the British Isles [details]

 Distribution

From low intertidal to more than 200 m depth, among rocks, stones and seaweed; northern Scotland, Orkeny, Shetland and ... [details]

 Distribution

Not known at the present from the British Isles but may be expected to arrive in southern England and Ireland. ... [details]

 Distribution

Lower shore and subtidal to 200 m depth, burrowing in sand or muddy sand, all round the British Isles. Apparently ... [details]

 Distribution

From low on shore to 150 m depth, burrowing in coarse sand or fine shell gravel, around western coasts from the ... [details]

 Distribution

Sublittoral to more than 200 m depth, in coarse sand and fine gravel, common all around British Isles [details]

 Distribution

Deeper than 200 m, on stones and gravel. Vars flemingii and norvegicus occur in the western Channel, off western ... [details]

 Distribution

A deep water species, found occasionally between 100 and 200 m near the edge of the continental shelf to the west ... [details]

 Distribution

From low intertidal, but mainly in the sublittoral zone, down to 40 m depth, occasionally deeper, on rocks, stones ... [details]

 Distribution

At the edge of the continental shelf in depths of 130 m to 200 m, to the west of Ireland and around Shetland [details]

 Distribution

Not recorded from British waters, but likely to occur in the North Sea, Shetland and Orkney. Sublittoral to 100 m depth. [details]

 Distribution

In depths of more than 150 m, on rough ground where currents are strong, off northern Scotland, the Orkneys and ... [details]

 Distribution

Juveniles are known to live on, or in, the polyps of alvyonarians (Patent, 1970) [details]

 Distribution

The commonest species of Henricia around the British Isles, occuring from low intertidal to at least 50 m depth, on ... [details]

 Distribution

In depths of 20 to more than 200 m, northern North Sea and possibly Shetland [details]

 Distribution

In depths of more than 100 m in the northern North Sea and near Shetland, possibly extending as far south as Biscay. [details]

 Distribution

From low intertidal to 50 m depth, typical of the algal zone. British distribution not completely known, but it ... [details]


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