Echinoidea source details
| SourceID | 142482 |
| Name | Kroh, A. & Smith, A.B. (2010): The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 8/2: 147-212. |
| Type |
Publication | | Link | http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&issn=1477-2019&volume=8&issue=2&spage=147 |
| Abstract | The relationships of post-Palaeozoic echinoids at family level are established through phylogenetic analysis of 169 taxa and
306 skeletal characters (excluding pedicellariae). Previous phylogenetic analyses of echinoids have either examined specific
subgroups in detail or have looked at a relatively small number of taxa selected from across the class, with sparse sampling
potentially affecting the reliability of results adversely. Our new analyses represent a compromise between encompassing
the diversity of form that exists, while keeping the number of taxa to a level that does not make rigorous analysis impossibly
time-consuming. In constructing the taxon-character data matrix we have encountered a surprising lack of primary data
on plating pattern, lantern, and girdle structure for many supposedly “well-known” taxa. A well-resolved phylogenetic
hypothesis was obtained and is used as the basis for a formal classification. Characters generally have a high retention index
(>0.7) but low consistency index (<0.25) suggesting that, although characters are largely retained after they first evolve,
most also undergo occasional reversal or convergence. Although parts of the resulting trees are only weakly supported (e.g.
the precise sister group of the Irregularia), other parts are unambiguously resolved. Not unexpectedly, deep nodes are often
not supported by unique apomorphies and higher taxa acquire their characteristic set of features over time. Diagnoses based
on crown group taxa thus often fail to encompass fossil stem-group members adequately. Establishing the relationships of
taxa at the root of large groups is hampered by limited character resolution. The influence of fossil taxa on the topology was
explored by comparing the tree topologies obtained with and without their inclusion. We show that removal of fossils from
stem groups makes no difference where their crown group is morphologically conservative, but has a major influence where
extant sister groups are separated by large morphological gaps. Completeness of the echinoid record and its match to the
stratigraphical record of first occurrences is tested using various metrics and found to be highly congruent, with irregular
echinoids showing a higher congruence than regular ones.
Keywords: Echinoids; phylogeny; cladistics; evolution; classification |
Taxonomic
terms | Echinodermata
Echinoidea
|
Taxa
(233) | Abertellidae Durham, 1955 † (basis of record)
Acroechinoidea (basis of record)
Acrolusiidae Mintz, 1968 † (basis of record)
Acropeltidae Lambert & Thiéry, 1914 † (basis of record)
Acrosaleniidae Gregory, 1900 † (basis of record)
Aeropsidae Lambert, 1896 (basis of record)
Ammotrophinae Durham, 1955 (basis of record)
Anorthopygidae Wagner & Durham, 1966b † (basis of record)
Antillasteridae Lambert, in Lambert & Thiéry, 1924 † (basis of record)
Apatopygidae Kier, 1962 (basis of record)
Arachnoididae Duncan, 1889 accepted as Arachnoidinae Duncan, 1889 (basis of record)
Arachnoidinae Duncan, 1889 (basis of record)
Arbaciidae Gray, 1855 (basis of record)
Arbacioida (basis of record)
Archaeocidaridae McCoy, 1844 † (basis of record)
Archiaciidae Cotteau & Triger, 1869 † (basis of record)
Aspidodiadematidae Duncan, 1889 (basis of record)
Aspidodiadematoida (basis of record)
Asterostomatidae Pictet, 1857 (basis of record)
Astriclypeidae Stefanini, 1912 (basis of record)
Atelostomata (basis of record)
Aulodonta (basis of record)
Breyninæ Lambert, 1905 accepted as Loveniidae Lambert, 1905 (basis of record)
Brisasterinae Markov, 1994 accepted as Schizasteridae Lambert, 1905 (basis of record)
Brissidae Gray, 1855 (basis of record)
Brissidina (basis of record)
Brissopsinae Lambert, 1905 (basis of record)
Calycina (basis of record)
Calymnidae Mortensen, 1907 (basis of record)
Camarodonta (basis of record)
Cardiasteridae Lambert, 1917 † (basis of record)
Cardiasterina † (basis of record)
Cardiotaxinae Smith & Jeffery, 2000 † (basis of record)
Carinacea (basis of record)
Carnarechininae Mironov, 1993 (basis of record)
Cassidulidae L. Agassiz & Desor, 1847 (basis of record)
Cassidulina (basis of record)
Cassiduloida (basis of record)
Cassiduloida incertae sedis (basis of record)
Cidaridae Gray, 1825 (basis of record)
Cidaridea (basis of record)
Cidarinae Mortensen, 1928a (basis of record)
Cidaroida (basis of record)
Cidaroidea (basis of record)
Circopeltinae Smith & Jeffery, 2000 † (basis of record)
Claviasteridae Ali, 1992 † accepted as Archiaciidae Cotteau & Triger, 1869 † (basis of record)
Clypeasteridae L. Agassiz, 1835 (basis of record)
Clypeasterina (basis of record)
Clypeasterinae L. Agassiz, 1835 (basis of record)
Clypeasteroida (basis of record)
Clypeidae Lambert, 1898 † (basis of record)
Clypeolampadidae Kier, 1962 † (basis of record)
Coelopleuridae Märkel, 1969 accepted as Arbaciidae Gray, 1855 (basis of record)
Coenholectypidae Smith & Wright, 1999 † (basis of record)
Collyritidae d'Orbigny, 1853 † (basis of record)
Conoclypidae von Zittel, 1879 † (basis of record)
Conulidae Lambert, 1911a † (basis of record)
Conulidea † (basis of record)
Corasterinae Lambert & Thiéry, 1924 (basis of record)
Corystusidae Foster & Philip, 1978 (basis of record)
Ctenocidaridae Mortensen, 1928a (basis of record)
Cyclasterinae Poslavskaya, 1964 (basis of record)
Dendrasteridae Lambert, 1900 (basis of record)
Desorellidae Lambert, 1911a † (basis of record)
Diadematacea (basis of record)
Diadematidae Gray, 1855 (basis of record)
Diadematoida (basis of record)
Diplocidaridae Gregory, 1900 † (basis of record)
Diplopodiidae Smith & Wright, 1993 † (basis of record)
Disasteridae Gras, 1848 † (basis of record)
Discoididae Lambert, 1900 (basis of record)
Echinacea (basis of record)
Echinarachniidae Lambert in Lambert & Thiéry, 1914 (basis of record)
Echinidae Gray, 1825 (basis of record)
Echinidea (basis of record)
Echinocardiidae Cooke, 1942 accepted as Echinocardiinae Cooke, 1942 (basis of record)
Echinocardiinae Cooke, 1942 (basis of record)
Echinocorythidae Wright, 1857 † (basis of record)
Echinocyamidae Lambert & Thiéry, 1914 (basis of record)
Echinoidea (basis of record)
Echinolampadidae Gray, 1851a (basis of record)
Echinolampadoida (basis of record)
Echinometridae Gray, 1855 (basis of record)
Echinoneidae L. Agassiz & Desor, 1847 (basis of record)
Echinoneoida (basis of record)
Echinothuriidae Thomson, 1872a (basis of record)
Echinothurioida (basis of record)
Emiratiidae Ali, 1990 † (basis of record)
Eoscutellidae Durham, 1955 † (basis of record)
Euechinoidea (basis of record)
Eupatagidae Lambert, 1905 (basis of record)
Eupatangidae accepted as Eupatagidae Lambert, 1905 (basis of record)
Eurypatagidae Kroh, 2007 (basis of record)
Faujasiidae Lambert, 1905 † (basis of record)
Fibulariidae Gray, 1855 (basis of record)
Fossulasteridae Philip & Foster, 1971 † (basis of record)
Galeritidae Gray, 1825 † (basis of record)
Galeropygidae Lambert, 1911a † (basis of record)
Glyphocyphidae Duncan, 1889 † (basis of record)
Glyphopneustidae Smith & Wright, 1993 † (basis of record)
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