Twelve species of Leptochela are described and illustrated, including L. hawaiiensis, new species from Hawaii; L. irrobusta, new species, from the Red Sea to the Marshall and Samoa islands; and L. papulata, new species, from the Carolinas, Georgia, and the Eastern Gulf of Mexico. Probolura, new subgenus, is proposed for the type species L. carinata Ortmann. The geographic distribution and sexual dimorphism of the species are discussed.