WoRMS taxon details
Alexandrium pacificum R.W.Litaker, 2014
833012 (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:833012)
accepted
Species
marine
John, U.; Litaker, R. W.; Montresor, M.; Murray, S.; Brosnahan, M. L.; Anderson, D. M. (2014). Formal revision of the <i>Alexandrium tamarense</i> species complex (Dinophyceae) taxonomy: The introduction of five species with emphasis on molecular-based (rDNA) cassification. <em>Protist.</em> 165(6): 779-804., available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2014.10.001 [details]
Note Port Phillip Bay, Victoria (Australia)
From regional or thematic species database
Type locality Port Phillip Bay, Victoria (Australia) [details]
Description Cells are as wide as long or slightly wider than high. In exponentially growing culture, cells of ACPP01 are 34.3 ± 2.92...
Description Cells are as wide as long or slightly wider than high. In exponentially growing culture, cells of ACPP01 are 34.3 ± 2.92 μm (min 30 μm, max 38 μm, n = 20)wide and 35.7 ± 3.39 μm (min 30 μm, max 40 μm,n = 20) long, with a L:W ratio of 1.04. Cell contains many golden brown elongated chloroplasts and a horseshoe-shaped nucleus located in the equatorial part of the cell. The epicone is helmet-shaped, often presenting more or less noticeable shoulders, and the hypocone is roughly trapezoidal. The cingulum is descending about one cingular height.The sulcus broadens in its antapical portion andis delimited on both sides by moderately developed sulcal lists. The cell surface is smooth andornamented with many scattered small pores. The plate formula is: Po, 4', 6'', 5C, 8-10S, 5''', 2''''. Po is rather wide, ornamented by several small poresand presents a comma-shaped foramen. A connecting pore is generally present on Po. Plate 1 is irregularly rhomboidal, with longer apical right andantapical left sides; in its apical portion, it contacts Po and in its antapical portion it contacts plate Sa.The ventral pore along the margin between Plate 1' and 4' is generally not present. Plate 6'' is as wide as tall or slightly wider than tall. Plate 2'''' is generally transversely extended. Plate sp is pentagonal,and its length:width ratio is ∼ 1; a connecting pore is generally present on sp. In natural samples, cells can be arranged in chains or single. The cyst is ellipsoidal, with a granular dark brown content and is surrounded by a mucous layer. [details]
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Alexandrium pacificum R.W.Litaker, 2014. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=833012 on 2024-04-19
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original description
John, U.; Litaker, R. W.; Montresor, M.; Murray, S.; Brosnahan, M. L.; Anderson, D. M. (2014). Formal revision of the <i>Alexandrium tamarense</i> species complex (Dinophyceae) taxonomy: The introduction of five species with emphasis on molecular-based (rDNA) cassification. <em>Protist.</em> 165(6): 779-804., available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2014.10.001 [details]
basis of record Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2023). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source Corriero, G.; Pierri, C.; Accoroni, S.; Alabiso, G.; Bavestrello, G.; Barbone, E.; Bastianini, M.; Bazzoni, A. M.; Bernardi Aubry, F.; Boero, F.; Buia, M. C.; Cabrini, M.; Camatti, E.; Cardone, F.; Cataletto, B.; Cattaneo Vietti, R.; Cecere, E.; Cibic, T.; Colangelo, P.; De Olazabal, A.; D'onghia, G.; Finotto, S.; Fiore, N.; Fornasaro, D.; Fraschetti, S.; Gambi, M. C.; Giangrande, A.; Gravili, C.; Guglielmo, R.; Longo, C.; Lorenti, M.; Lugliè, A.; Maiorano, P.; Mazzocchi, M. G.; Mercurio, M.; Mastrototaro, F.; Mistri, M.; Monti, M.; Munari, C.; Musco, L.; Nonnis-Marzano, C.; Padedda, B. M.; Patti, F. P.; Petrocelli, A.; Piraino, S.; Portacci, G.; Pugnetti, A.; Pulina, S.; Romagnoli, T.; Rosati, I.; Sarno, D.; Satta, C. T.; Sechi, N.; Schiaparelli, S.; Scipione, B.; Sion, L.; Terlizzi, A.; Tirelli, V.; Totti, C.; Tursi, A.; Ungaro, N.; Zingone, A.; Zupo, V.; Basset, A. (2015). Ecosystem vulnerability to alien and invasive species: a case study on marine habitats along the Italian coast., available online at https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2550 [details] Available for editors
[request]
toxicology source Penna, A.; Garcés, E.; Vila, M.; Giacobbe, M. G.; Fraga, S.; Lugliè, A.; Bravo, I.; Bertozzini, E.; Vernesi, C. (2005). <i>Alexandrium catenella</i> (Dinophyceae), a toxic ribotype expanding in the NW Mediterranean Sea. <em>Marine Biology.</em> 148(1): 13-23., available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0067-5 [details]
toxicology source Orr, R. J.; Stüken, A.; Rundberget, T.; Eikrem, W.; Jakobsen, K. S. (2011). Improved phylogenetic resolution of toxic and non-toxic <i>Alexandrium</i> strains using a concatenated rDNA approach. <em>Harmful Algae.</em> 10(6): 676-688., available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2011.05.003 [details]
ecology source Mitra, A.; Caron, D. A.; Faure, E.; Flynn, K. J.; Leles, S. G.; Hansen, P. J.; McManus, G. B.; Not, F.; Do Rosario Gomes, H.; Santoferrara, L. F.; Stoecker, D. K.; Tillmann, U. (2023). The Mixoplankton Database (MDB): Diversity of photo‐phago‐trophic plankton in form, function, and distribution across the global ocean. <em>Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.</em> 70(4)., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12972 [details]
ecology source Jeong, H.; Park, J.; Nho, J.; Park, M.; Ha, J.; Seong, K.; Jeng, C.; Seong, C.; Lee, K.; Yih, W. (2005). Feeding by red-tide dinoflagellates on the cyanobacterium Synechococcus. <em>Aquatic Microbial Ecology.</em> 41: 131-143., available online at https://doi.org/10.3354/ame041131 [details]
basis of record Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2023). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]
additional source Corriero, G.; Pierri, C.; Accoroni, S.; Alabiso, G.; Bavestrello, G.; Barbone, E.; Bastianini, M.; Bazzoni, A. M.; Bernardi Aubry, F.; Boero, F.; Buia, M. C.; Cabrini, M.; Camatti, E.; Cardone, F.; Cataletto, B.; Cattaneo Vietti, R.; Cecere, E.; Cibic, T.; Colangelo, P.; De Olazabal, A.; D'onghia, G.; Finotto, S.; Fiore, N.; Fornasaro, D.; Fraschetti, S.; Gambi, M. C.; Giangrande, A.; Gravili, C.; Guglielmo, R.; Longo, C.; Lorenti, M.; Lugliè, A.; Maiorano, P.; Mazzocchi, M. G.; Mercurio, M.; Mastrototaro, F.; Mistri, M.; Monti, M.; Munari, C.; Musco, L.; Nonnis-Marzano, C.; Padedda, B. M.; Patti, F. P.; Petrocelli, A.; Piraino, S.; Portacci, G.; Pugnetti, A.; Pulina, S.; Romagnoli, T.; Rosati, I.; Sarno, D.; Satta, C. T.; Sechi, N.; Schiaparelli, S.; Scipione, B.; Sion, L.; Terlizzi, A.; Tirelli, V.; Totti, C.; Tursi, A.; Ungaro, N.; Zingone, A.; Zupo, V.; Basset, A. (2015). Ecosystem vulnerability to alien and invasive species: a case study on marine habitats along the Italian coast., available online at https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2550 [details] Available for editors
[request] toxicology source Penna, A.; Garcés, E.; Vila, M.; Giacobbe, M. G.; Fraga, S.; Lugliè, A.; Bravo, I.; Bertozzini, E.; Vernesi, C. (2005). <i>Alexandrium catenella</i> (Dinophyceae), a toxic ribotype expanding in the NW Mediterranean Sea. <em>Marine Biology.</em> 148(1): 13-23., available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0067-5 [details]
toxicology source Orr, R. J.; Stüken, A.; Rundberget, T.; Eikrem, W.; Jakobsen, K. S. (2011). Improved phylogenetic resolution of toxic and non-toxic <i>Alexandrium</i> strains using a concatenated rDNA approach. <em>Harmful Algae.</em> 10(6): 676-688., available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2011.05.003 [details]
ecology source Mitra, A.; Caron, D. A.; Faure, E.; Flynn, K. J.; Leles, S. G.; Hansen, P. J.; McManus, G. B.; Not, F.; Do Rosario Gomes, H.; Santoferrara, L. F.; Stoecker, D. K.; Tillmann, U. (2023). The Mixoplankton Database (MDB): Diversity of photo‐phago‐trophic plankton in form, function, and distribution across the global ocean. <em>Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.</em> 70(4)., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12972 [details]
ecology source Jeong, H.; Park, J.; Nho, J.; Park, M.; Ha, J.; Seong, K.; Jeng, C.; Seong, C.; Lee, K.; Yih, W. (2005). Feeding by red-tide dinoflagellates on the cyanobacterium Synechococcus. <em>Aquatic Microbial Ecology.</em> 41: 131-143., available online at https://doi.org/10.3354/ame041131 [details]
Present Present in aphia/obis/gbif/idigbio Inaccurate Introduced: alien Containing type locality
From regional or thematic species database
Description Cells are as wide as long or slightly wider than high. In exponentially growing culture, cells of ACPP01 are 34.3 ± 2.92 μm (min 30 μm, max 38 μm, n = 20)wide and 35.7 ± 3.39 μm (min 30 μm, max 40 μm,n = 20) long, with a L:W ratio of 1.04. Cell contains many golden brown elongated chloroplasts and a horseshoe-shaped nucleus located in the equatorial part of the cell. The epicone is helmet-shaped, often presenting more or less noticeable shoulders, and the hypocone is roughly trapezoidal. The cingulum is descending about one cingular height.The sulcus broadens in its antapical portion andis delimited on both sides by moderately developed sulcal lists. The cell surface is smooth andornamented with many scattered small pores. The plate formula is: Po, 4', 6'', 5C, 8-10S, 5''', 2''''. Po is rather wide, ornamented by several small poresand presents a comma-shaped foramen. A connecting pore is generally present on Po. Plate 1 is irregularly rhomboidal, with longer apical right andantapical left sides; in its apical portion, it contacts Po and in its antapical portion it contacts plate Sa.The ventral pore along the margin between Plate 1' and 4' is generally not present. Plate 6'' is as wide as tall or slightly wider than tall. Plate 2'''' is generally transversely extended. Plate sp is pentagonal,and its length:width ratio is ∼ 1; a connecting pore is generally present on sp. In natural samples, cells can be arranged in chains or single. The cyst is ellipsoidal, with a granular dark brown content and is surrounded by a mucous layer. [details]Harmful effect All isolates examined to date are toxic to some degree (Hallegraeff et al. 1991; Lilly et al.2007; Negri et al. 2003; Orr et al. 2011). The type strain ACPP01 has a toxin profile of (in molar per-cent) C1 (3%), C2 (12%), C4 (3.6%), GTX6 (55%),GTX4 (8%), GTX1 (8%), GTX5 (9%) (Negri et al.2003). Other strains of this species can produce the saxitoxin congeners B1, C1, C2, GTX1, 2, 3, 4,5 and 6, dcGTX3, NEO and STX (Hallegraeff et al.1991; MacKenzie et al. 2004; Murray et al. 2011;Negri et al. 2003; Orlova et al. 2007; Orr et al. 2011;Ruiz Sebastián et al. 2005; Scholin et al. 1994). Consistent with this toxicity, sxtA4 sequences were present in the type culture (Accession number:KF985177). [details]
Identification This species, belonging to the Alexandrium tamarense species complex, can only be unambiguously identified using genetic techniques. This species was identified as Gonyaulax catenella or Alexandrium catenella in temperate waters of western Pacific Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Genetically, it was named as Temperate Asian (TA) clade and Group IV. [details]
Type locality Port Phillip Bay, Victoria (Australia) [details]
Verified sequences Strain ACPP01 (John et al. 2014):
SSU rDNA KF908800
D1-D2 LSU rDNA KF908803
ITS/5.8S rDNA KF908812 [details]
