WoRMS taxon details

Palythoa Lamouroux, 1816

205785  (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:205785)

  1. Biota
  2. Animalia (Kingdom)
  3. Cnidaria (Phylum)
  4. Anthozoa (Subphylum)
  5. Hexacorallia (Class)
  6. Zoantharia (Order)
  7. Brachycnemina (Suborder)
  8. Sphenopidae (Family)
  9. Palythoa (Genus)
accepted
Genus
Palythoa mammillosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (type by subsequent designation)
Corticifera · unaccepted > junior subjective synonym
Corticifera (Polythoa) · unaccepted > superseded combination

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  1. Species Palythoa aggregata Lesson, 1830
  2. Species Palythoa anneae Carlgren, 1938
  3. Species Palythoa arenacea Heller, 1868
  4. Species Palythoa argus Ehrenberg, 1834
  5. Species Palythoa aspera Pax, 1909
  6. Species Palythoa atogrisea Pax, 1924
  7. Species Palythoa australiae Carlgren, 1937
  8. Species Palythoa australiensis Carlgren, 1950
  9. Species Palythoa bertholeti Gray, 1867
  10. Species Palythoa brasiliensis Heider, 1899
  11. Species Palythoa braunsi Pax, 1924
  12. Species Palythoa brochi Pax, 1924
  13. Species Palythoa buitendijkl Pax, 1924
  14. Species Palythoa caesia Dana, 1846
  15. Species Palythoa calcaria Muller, 1883
  16. Species Palythoa calcigena Pax, 1924
  17. Species Palythoa calycina Pax, 1909
  18. Species Palythoa canalifera Pax, 1908
  19. Species Palythoa canariensis Haddon & Duerden, 1896
  20. Species Palythoa cancrisocia Martens, 1876
  21. Species Palythoa capensis Haddon & Duerden, 1896
  22. Species Palythoa caracasiana Pax, 1924
  23. Species Palythoa caribaeorum Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860
  24. Species Palythoa ceresina Pax & Muller, 1956
  25. Species Palythoa chlorostoma Pax & Muller, 1956
  26. Species Palythoa cingulata Milne Edwards, 1857
  27. Species Palythoa clavata (Duchassaing, 1850)
  28. Species Palythoa complanata Carlgren, 1951
  29. Species Palythoa congoensis Pax, 1952
  30. Species Palythoa dartevellei Pax, 1952
  31. Species Palythoa densa Carlgren, 1954
  32. Species Palythoa denudata Dana, 1846
  33. Species Palythoa dura Carlgren, 1920
  34. Species Palythoa durbanensis Carlgren, 1938
  35. Species Palythoa dysancrita Pax & Muller, 1956
  36. Species Palythoa eremita Pax, 1920
  37. Species Palythoa flavoviridis Ehrenberg, 1834
  38. Species Palythoa fuliginosa Dana, 1846
  39. Species Palythoa fusca (Duerden, 1898)
  40. Species Palythoa glareola (Lesueur, 1817)
  41. Species Palythoa glutinosa Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864
  42. Species Palythoa grandiflora (Verrill, 1900)
  43. Species Palythoa grandis (Verrill, 1900)
  44. Species Palythoa gregorii Haddon & Duerden, 1896
  45. Species Palythoa gridellii Pax & Muller, 1956
  46. Species Palythoa guangdongensis Zunan, 1998
  47. Species Palythoa guinensis von Koch, 1886
  48. Species Palythoa haddoni Carlgren, 1937
  49. Species Palythoa halidosis Pax, 1952
  50. Species Palythoa hartmeyeri Pax, 1910
  51. Species Palythoa heideri Carlgren, 1954
  52. Species Palythoa heilprini (Verrill, 1900)
  53. Species Palythoa heliodiscus (Ryland & Lancaster, 2003)
  54. Species Palythoa horstii Pax, 1924
  55. Species Palythoa howesii Haddon & Shackleton, 1891
  56. Species Palythoa hypopelia Pax, 1909
  57. Species Palythoa ignota Carlgren, 1951
  58. Species Palythoa incerta Carlgren, 1900
  59. Species Palythoa insignis Carlgren, 1951
  60. Species Palythoa irregularis Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860
  61. Species Palythoa isolata Verrill, 1907
  62. Species Palythoa javanica Pax, 1924
  63. Species Palythoa kochii Haddon & Shackleton, 1891
  64. Species Palythoa leseuri Klunzinger, 1877
  65. Species Palythoa leucochiton Pax & Muller, 1956
  66. Species Palythoa liscia Haddon & Duerden, 1896
  67. Species Palythoa mammillosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
  68. Species Palythoa mizigama Irei, Sinniger & Reimer, 2015
  69. Species Palythoa monodi Pax & Muller, 1956
  70. Species Palythoa multisulcata Carlgren, 1900
  71. Species Palythoa mutuki (Haddon & Shackleton, 1891)
  72. Species Palythoa natalensis Carlgren, 1938
  73. Species Palythoa nelliae Pax, 1935
  74. Species Palythoa nigricans McMurrich, 1898
  75. Species Palythoa oorti Pax, 1924
  76. Species Palythoa psammophilia Walsh & Bowers, 1971
  77. Species Palythoa senegalensis Pax & Muller, 1956
  78. Species Palythoa senegambiensis Carter, 1882
  79. Species Palythoa shackletoni Carlgren, 1937
  80. Species Palythoa sinensis Zunan, 1998
  81. Species Palythoa spongiosa Andres, 1883
  82. Species Palythoa stephensoni Carlgren, 1937
  83. Species Palythoa texaensis Carlgren & Hedgpeth, 1952
  84. Species Palythoa toxica Walsh & Bowers, 1971
  85. Species Palythoa tropica Carlgren, 1900
  86. Species Palythoa tuberculosa (Esper, 1805)
  87. Species Palythoa umbrosa Irei, Sinniger & Reimer, 2015
  88. Species Palythoa variabilis (Duerden, 1898)
  89. Species Palythoa vestitus (Verrill, 1928)
  90. Species Palythoa wilsmoorei Wilsmore
  91. Species Palythoa xishaensis Zunan, 1998
  92. Species Palythoa yongei Carlgren, 1937
  93. Species Palythoa zanzibarica Carlgren
  94. Species Palythoa anguicoma Norman, 1869 accepted as Parazoanthus anguicomus (Norman, 1869) (basionym)
  95. Species Palythoa caribaea Duerden, 1898 accepted as Palythoa caribaeorum Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860
  96. Species Palythoa caribbaea Goreau, 1959 accepted as Palythoa caribaeorum Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860
  97. Species Palythoa caribdea Carballeira et al., 1998 accepted as Palythoa caribaeorum Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860
  98. Species Palythoa cavolinii Andres, 1883 accepted as Palythoa denudata Dana, 1846
  99. Species Palythoa cinerea Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 accepted as Palythoa mammillosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
  100. Species Palythoa fatua Schultze, 1860 accepted as Epizoanthus fatuus (Schultze, 1860)
  101. Species Palythoa flava (Lesueur, 1817) accepted as Palythoa mammillosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
  102. Species Palythoa norvegica Koren & Danielssen accepted as Epizoanthus norvegicus (Koren & Danielssen, 1877)
  103. Species Palythoa nymphaea (Lesueur) accepted as Zoanthus nymphaeus (Lesueur, 1817) accepted as Zoanthus pulchellus (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860)
  104. Species Palythoa ocellata (Ellis & Solander, 1786) accepted as Palythoa mammillosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
  105. Species Palythoa riisei (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860) accepted as Palythoa heilprini (Verrill, 1900)
  106. Species Palythoa stellata Lamouroux, 1821 accepted as Palythoa mammillosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
  107. Species Palythoa swiftii Duchassaing accepted as Parazoanthus swiftii (Duchassaing de Fonbressin & Michelotti, 1860)
  108. Species Palythoa tuberculata accepted as Isaurus tuberculatus Gray, 1828
  109. Species Palythoa axinellae Schmidt, 1862 represented as Parazoanthus axinellae (Schmidt, 1862)
  110. Species Palythoa canariense Wirtz, 1995 represented as Palythoa canariensis Haddon & Duerden, 1896
  111. Species Palythoa coesia Milne Edwards, 1857 represented as Palythoa caesia Dana, 1846
  112. Species Palythoa couchi Fischer, 1874 represented as Epizoanthus couchii (Johnston in Couch, 1844)
  113. Species Palythoa marioni Jourdan, 1880 represented as Epizoanthus marioni (Jourdan, 1880)
  114. Subgenus Palythoa (Corticifera) (uncertain > unassessed)
    1. Species Palythoa (Corticifera) glareola (Lesueur, 1817) represented as Palythoa glareola (Lesueur, 1817)
    2. Species Palythoa (Corticifera) tuberculosa (Esper, 1805) represented as Palythoa tuberculosa (Esper, 1805)
  115. Subgenus Palythoa (Endotheia) (uncertain > unassessed)
    1. Species Palythoa (Endotheia) norvegica (uncertain > unassessed)
  116. Subgenus Palythoa (Gemmaria) (uncertain > unassessed)
    1. Species Palythoa (Gemmaria) multisulcata Carlgren, 1900 represented as Palythoa multisulcata Carlgren, 1900
    2. Species Palythoa (Gemmaria) mutuki (Haddon & Shackleton, 1891) represented as Palythoa mutuki (Haddon & Shackleton, 1891)
  117. Subgenus Palythoa (Protopalythoa) (uncertain > unassessed)
    1. Species Palythoa (Protopalythoa) dura Carlgren, 1922 represented as Palythoa dura Carlgren, 1920
    2. Species Palythoa (Protopalythoa) lesueuri Klunzinger, 1877 represented as Palythoa leseuri Klunzinger, 1877
    3. Species Palythoa (Protopalythoa) yongei Carlgren, 1937 represented as Palythoa yongei Carlgren, 1937
  118. Species Palythoa anduzii (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860) (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
  119. Species Palythoa anthoplax Pax & Müller, 1957 (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
  120. Species Palythoa auricula (Lesueur, 1817) (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
  121. Species Palythoa brevis (Duchassaing, 1850) (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
  122. Species Palythoa caespitosa Endean, 1982 (uncertain > taxon inquirendum, likely misspelling; likely unaccepted.)
  123. Species Palythoa casigneta Walsh, 1967 (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
  124. Species Palythoa distans (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1866) (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
  125. Species Palythoa dubiae Walsh, 1967 (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
  126. Species Palythoa eupaguri Marion, 1882 (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
  127. Species Palythoa fulva Walsh, 1967 (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
  128. Species Palythoa fulva (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
  129. Species Palythoa gigantea Cubit & Williams, 1983 (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
  130. Species Palythoa glomerata Marion, 1906 (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
  131. Species Palythoa lithosphaera Pax, 1924 (uncertain > unassessed)
  132. Species Palythoa lutea (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
  133. Species Palythoa mamillata (Ellis & Solander) (uncertain > unassessed)
  134. Species Palythoa margaritae Carlgren, 1940 (uncertain > unassessed)
  135. Species Palythoa mcmurrichi (Haddon & Shackleton, 1891) (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
  136. Species Palythoa ochyra Pax, 1909 (uncertain > unassessed)
  137. Species Palythoa olbrechtsi F. Pax, 1952 (uncertain > unassessed)
  138. Species Palythoa olivascens Brandt, 1835 (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
  139. Species Palythoa osculata Lamouroux (uncertain > unassessed)
  140. Species Palythoa paguricola Roule, 1900 (uncertain > unassessed)
  141. Species Palythoa pazi Carlgren, 1951 (uncertain > unassessed)
  142. Species Palythoa perii Audouin, 1826 (uncertain > unassessed)
  143. Species Palythoa plana (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860) (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
  144. Species Palythoa poeciloderma F. Pax & I. Müller, 1956 (uncertain > unassessed)
  145. Species Palythoa praelonga Carlgren, 1951 (uncertain > unassessed)
  146. Species Palythoa projecta Carlgren, 1937 (uncertain > unassessed)
  147. Species Palythoa pseudo-braunsi F. Pax, 1952 (uncertain > unassessed)
  148. Species Palythoa rickettsi Carlgren, 1951 (uncertain > unassessed)
  149. Species Palythoa rubra W. Koch, 1886 (uncertain > unassessed)
  150. Species Palythoa rubricornis Koren & Danielssen (uncertain > unassessed)
  151. Species Palythoa sansibarica Carlgren, 1900 (uncertain > unassessed)
  152. Species Palythoa savignyi Audouin, 1826 (uncertain > unassessed)
  153. Species Palythoa seychellarum Pax, 1909 (uncertain > unassessed)
  154. Species Palythoa singaporensis Pax & Müller, 1956 (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
  155. Species Palythoa skottsbergii Carlgren, 1922 (uncertain > unassessed)
  156. Species Palythoa sociatus (uncertain > unassessed)
  157. Species Palythoa sphaerimorpha Pax, 1909 (uncertain > unassessed)
  158. Species Palythoa sulcata Gosse (uncertain > unassessed)
  159. Species Palythoa thalassoplecta F. Pax, 1952 (uncertain > unassessed)
  160. Species Palythoa titanophila Pax & Müller, 1957 (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
  161. Species Palythoa townsleyi Walsch & Bowers (uncertain > unassessed)
  162. Species Palythoa tubulifera Carlgren (uncertain > unassessed)
  163. Species Palythoa univittata Lorenz (uncertain > unassessed)
  164. Species Palythoa vanikorensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
  165. Species Palythoa vincentina Carlgren, 1939 (uncertain > unassessed)
  166. Species Palythoa violacea Brüggemann, 1879 (uncertain > nomen dubium)
  167. Species Palythoa viridifusca (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
  168. Species Palythoa viridis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) (uncertain > taxon inquirendum)
marine, brackish, fresh, terrestrial
Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1816). Histoire des polypiers coralligènes flexibles, vulgairement nommés zoophytes. <em>F. Poisson, Caen.</em> i-lxxxiv, 1-558, pls. I-XIX., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11606092
page(s): 359-361 [details]  OpenAccess publication 
Reimer, J.D.; Sinniger, F. (2024). World List of Zoantharia. Palythoa Lamouroux, 1816. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=205785 on 2024-04-23
Date
action
by
2004-06-06 22:00:00Z
created
Vanden Berghe, Edward
2010-04-03 03:54:16Z
changed
Reimer, James Davis
2011-10-04 13:36:00Z
changed
Reimer, James Davis
2019-09-13 14:37:42Z
changed
Hoeksema, Bert

Creative Commons License The webpage text is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License


original description Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1816). Histoire des polypiers coralligènes flexibles, vulgairement nommés zoophytes. <em>F. Poisson, Caen.</em> i-lxxxiv, 1-558, pls. I-XIX., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11606092
page(s): 359-361 [details]  OpenAccess publication 

original description  (of Protopalythoa Verrill, 1900) Verrill, A. E. (1900). Additions to the Anthozoa and Hydrozoa of the Bermudas. <em>In: Verrill, A. E., Zoology of the Bermudas, 1903.</em> 551-572 + 3 plates. [details]   

additional source Vine, P. (1986). Red Sea Invertebrates. Immel Publishing, London. 224 pp. (look up in IMIS)
page(s): 51 [details]   

additional source Colin, P.L.; Arneson, C. (1995). Tropical Pacific Invertebrates. A fieldGuide to the Marine Invertebrates Occurring on Tropical Pacific Coral Reefs, Seagrass Beds and Mangroves. <em>Coral Reef Press: Irvine, USA.</em> 1-296.
page(s): 122-125 [details]   

additional source Hyman, L.H., 1940. The Invertebrates: Protozoa through Ctenophora. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New York and London : i-xii, 1-726.
page(s): 625 [details]   

additional source Mariscal, R.N., 1974. Nematocysts. In: L. Muscatine & H.M. Lenhoff, eds, Coelenterate Biology. Reviews and new perspectives : 129-178.
page(s): 155 [details]   

additional source Weill, R., 1934. Contribution à l'étude des Cnidaires et de leurs nématocystes. II. Valeur taxonomique du cnidôme. Trav. Stn zool. Wimereux 11 : 349-701.
page(s): 357, 620-621, 623 [details]   

additional source Gravely, F.H., 1941. Shells and other animal remains found on the Madras beach. I. Groups other than snails, etc. (Mollusca Gastropoda). Bull. Madras Govt Mus., n. ser., nat. Hist. 5 1: 1-112.
page(s): 16 [details]   

additional source Muscatine, L., 1974. Endosymbiosis of cnidarians and algae. In: L. Muscatine & H.M. Lenhoff, eds, Coelenterate Biology. Reviews and new perspectives : 359-395.
page(s): 377 [details]   

additional source Reed, S.A., 1971. Some common Coelenterates in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. In: H.M. Lenhoff, L. Muscatine & L.V. Davis, eds, Experimental Coelenterate Biology : 37-51.
page(s): 47, 49 [details]   

additional source Reimer, A.A., 1971. Observations on the relationships between several species of tropical zoanthids (Zoanthidea, Coelenterata) and their zooxanthellae. J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. 7 : 207-214.
page(s): 207, 208-211, 212, 213 [details]   

additional source Trench, R.K. & R.J. Blank. (1987). Symbiodinium microadriaticum Freudenthal, S. goreauii sp. nov., S. kawagutii sp. nov. and S. pilosum sp. nov.: gymnodinioid dinoflagellate symbionts of marine invertebrates. <em>J. Phycol.</em> 23: 469-481.
page(s): 477 [details]   

additional source Gosse, P.H., 1860. Actinologia Britannica. A history of the British sea-anemones and corals. London: Van Voorst : pp. i-xl, 1-362.
page(s): 295, 296 [details]   

additional source Daly, M.M., Fautin D.G., Cappola V.A., 2003. Systematics of the Hexacorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 3: 419-437.
page(s): 424-425, 427-428 [details]  Available for editors  PDF available [request] 

additional source Ryland, J.S., Brasseur M.M., Lancaster J.E., 2004. Use of cnidae in taxonomy: implications from a study of Acrozoanthus australiae (Hexacorallia, Zoanthidea). Journal of Natural History 38 : 1193-1223.
page(s): 1195 [details]  Available for editors  PDF available [request] 

additional source Brattström, H. (1980). Rocky-shore zonation in the Santa Marta area, Colombia. <em>Sarsia.</em> 65: 163-226.
page(s): 172, 175, 183, 184, 185, 186, 198, 204, 208, 209, 210, 215 [details]   

additional source Cubit, John and Williams, Suelynn 1983. The invertebrates of Galeta Reef (Caribbean Panama): a species list and bibliography. Atoll Research Bulletin 269: 1-45.
page(s): 9 [details]   

additional source Brattström, Hans 1985. Rocky-shore zonation on the Atlantic coast of Panama. Sarsia 70: 179-216.
page(s): 181, 182, 189, 194, 195, 197, 201, 209, 210 [details]   

additional source Stephenson, T. A., Stephenson, Anne, Tandy, G. and Spender, N. 1931. The structure and ecology of Low Isles and other reefs. Great Barrier Reef Expedition Scientific Reports 3(2): 17-112.
page(s): 65, 67, 72, 84, 86, 88, 106 [details]   

additional source Stephenson, William, Endean, R. and Bennett, Isobel 1958. An ecological survey of the marine fauna of Low Isles, Queensland. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 9(2): 261-318.
page(s): 267, 284, 286, 288, 293, 300, 311 [details]   

additional source Robertson, A.L., J. Lancaster, L.R. Belyea & A.G. Hildrew. (1997). Hydraulic habitat and the assemblage structure of stream benthic microcrustacea. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 16(3):562-575.
page(s): 246-248 [details]  Available for editors  PDF available [request] 

additional source Reimer JD, Sinniger F, Fujiwara Y, Hirano S, Maruyama T. 2007. Morphological and molecular characterisation of Abyssoanthus nankaiensis, a new family, new genus and new species of deep-sea zoanthid (Anthozoa:Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) from a north-west Pacific methane cold seep
page(s): 257, 260, 261 [details]   

additional source Burnett WJ, Benzie JAH, Beardmore JA, Ryland JS. 1997. Zoanthids (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait, Australia: systematics, evolution and a key to species. Coral Reefs 16: 55-68.
page(s): 55-67 [details]   

additional source Grygier, M.J. (1985). Lauridae: taxonomy and morphology of ascothoracid crustacean parasites of zoanthids. <em>Bulletin of Marine Science.</em> 36(2): 278-303.
page(s): 278, 288 [details]   

additional source Grygier, M.J. (1991). Additions to the ascothoracidan fauna of Australia and South-east Asia (Crustacea, Maxillopoda): Synagogidae (part), Lauridae and Petrarcidae. <em>Records of the Australian Museum.</em> 43: 1-46.
page(s): 30 [details]   

additional source Grygier, M.J. (1996). A world list of coral reef-associated Ascothoracida (Crustacea), with remarks on Lauridae Petrarcidae, and Dendrogastridae from Okinawa, Japan. <em>Galaxea.</em> 13: 15-33.
page(s): 15, 16, 17, 21 [details]  Available for editors  PDF available [request] 

additional source Itô, T., M.J. Grygier & J. Honshu, J. (1990). Description and complete larval development of a new species of Baccalaureus (Crustacea: Ascothoracida) parasitic in a zoanthid from Tanabe. <em>Zoological Science.</em> 7(3), 485-515.
page(s): 498 [details]   

additional source Van Beneden, E. (1897). Les Anthozoaires de la Plankton-Expedition = Die Anthozoen der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebnisse der in dem Atlantischen Ocean von Mitte Juli bis Anfang November 1889 ausgeführten Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung, II. K.e.. Lipsius & Tischer: Kiel. 222 + XVIII plates pp. (look up in IMIS)
page(s): 161, 163 [details]   

additional source Carlgren, O. (1937). Ceriantharia and Zoantharia. <em>Scientific Reports of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-29.</em> 5(5): 177-207.
page(s): 183, 194 [details]   

additional source Amaral, F. D., Hudson, M. M., Steiner, A. Q., & Ramos, C. A. C. 2007. Corals and calcified hydroids of the Manuel Luiz Marine State Park (State of Maranhao, northeast Brazil). Biota Neotropica 7: 73-81.
page(s): 7 [details]   

additional source Cairns, S.D., L. Gershwin, F.J. Brook, P. Pugh, E.W. Dawson, O.V.; Ocaña, W. Vervoort, G. Williams, J.E. Watson, D.M. Opresko, P. Schuchert, P.M. Hine, D.P. Gordon, H.I. Campbell, A.J. Wright, J.A.Sánchez & D.G. Fautin. (2009). Phylum Cnidaria: corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans. <em>in: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia.</em> pp. 59-101., available online at https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/8431 [details]  Available for editors  PDF available [request] 

additional source Carlgren, O. (1923). Ceriantharia und Zoantharia der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. <em>Deutsche Tiefsee-Expedition 1898-1899.</em> 19(7): 243-337.
page(s): 256-257 [details]   

additional source Carlgren, O. (1900). Ostafrikanische Actinien. Gesammelt von Herrn Dr. F. Stuhlmann 1888 und 1889. <em>Mittheilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum.</em> 17: 21-144.
page(s): 129-130 [details]   

additional source Sinniger, F.; Reimer, J.D.; Pawlowski, J. (2010). The Parazoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) DNA taxonomy: description of two new genera. Marine Biodiversity, 40(1), 57-70.
page(s): 59, 60, 63, 65 [details]   

additional source Pax, F. (1911). Aktinien der Aru-Inseln. <em>Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft.</em> 33: 297-304., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37103285
page(s): 300 [details]   

additional source Holdsworth, E.W.H. (1858). On Zoanthus couchii, Johnston. <i>Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</i>. Part XXVI:557-560.
page(s): 558 [details]   

additional source Herberts, C. (1972). Etude systématique de quelques zoanthaires tempérés et tropicaux. <em>Tethys.</em> Supplement 3, pp. 69-156.
page(s): 69, 72, 75, 76, 78, 80, 82, 109, 142, 145 [details]  Available for editors  PDF available [request] 

additional source Sinniger, F.; Montoya-Burgos, J. I.; Chevaldonné, P.; Pawlowski, J. (2005). Phylogeny of the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosomal genes. <em>Marine Biology.</em> 147(5): 1121-1128., available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0016-3
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additional source Verrill AE. (1869). Synopsis of the polyps and corals of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, under Commodore C. Ringgold and Capt. John Rodgers, U.S.N., from 1853 to 1856. Collected by Dr. Wm. Stimpson, Naturalist to the Expedition. <em>Communications of the Essex Institute, Salem.</em> 6 (1): 51-104, pls. 1-2., available online at https://doi.org/10.1086/270634
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additional source Klunzinger, C. B. (1877). Die Korallthiere des Rothen Meeres. 1: Die Alcyonarien und Malacodermen. <em>Gutmann'schen Buchhandlung. Berlin.</em> pp. 98., available online at https://books.google.com/books/about/Die_Korallenthiere_des_rothen_Meeres.html?id=MxJXkgAACAAJ
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additional source Walsh, G. E.; Bowers, R. L. (1971). A review of Hawaiian zoanthids with descriptions of three new species. <em>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.</em> 50(2): 161-180., available online at https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1971.tb00757.x
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additional source Saville-Kent, W. (1897). The naturalist in Australia. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. i-xv, 1-302, pls. 1-50, chromo plates 1-9.
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additional source Hertwig, R. (1888). Report on the Actiniaria dredged by HMS 'Challenger' during the years 1873-1876. Supplement. <em>Reports on the scientific results of the voyage of HMS Challenger during the years 1873-76.</em> XXVI, pt. LXXIII: 4–56. London, Edinburgh & Dublin., available online at https://archive.org/details/reportonactiniar00hert/page/16
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additional source Milne Edwards H,. (1857). Histoire naturelle des coralliaires, ou polypes proprement dits. 1. <em>Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris.</em> 326 pp., available online at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12045211
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additional source Reimer, J. D.; Ono, S.; Takishita, K.; Tsukahara, J.; Maruyama, T. (2006). Molecular Evidence Suggesting Species in the Zoanthid Genera Palythoa and Protopalythoa (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) Are Congeneric. <em>Zoological Science.</em> 23(1): 87-94., available online at https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.23.87
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additional source Manjarrés, G. (1978). Nuevos encuentros de actinias (Hexacorallia) en la region de Santa Marta, Colombia. Anales de Instituto Investigacion Marina (Punta Betín), 10, 127-132
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additional source Menon, K. R. (1927). Subclass Zoantharia (except Scleractiniae). Bulletin of Madras Government Museum (Natural History Section), 1(1): 31-40
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additional source Sebens, K. P. (1998). Anthozoa: Actiniaria, Zoanthidea, Corallimorpharia, and Ceriantharia. National Marine Fisheries Service. Seattle., volume 141, pp. 1-67
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additional source Verrill, A. E. (1868). Synopsis of the polyps and corals of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, under Commodore C. Ringgold and Capt. John Rodgers, U.S.N., from 1853 to 1856. Collected by Dr. Wm. Stimpson, Naturalist to the Expedition. Part IV. Actiniaria [First part]. Communications of the Essex Institute, 5(3): 315-330 [reprint 1-16]
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additional source Hertwig, R. (1882). Report on the Actiniaria dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of the H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76 (Zoology), 6(1): 1-136
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additional source Pax, F. (1909). Die Aktinien der ostafrikanischen Inseln. Alfred Voeltzkow (eds.)., volume 2, pp. 399-418
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additional source Karlson, R. H. (1988). Size-dependent growth in two zoanthid species: a contrast in clonal strategies. Ecology, 69(4): 1219-1232
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additional source Herberts, C. (1987). Ordre des Zoanthaires. Masson. Paris., pp. 783-810
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additional source Herberts, C. (1972). Contribution à l'étude écologique de quelques zoanthaires tempérés et tropicaux. Marine Biology, 13, 127-136
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additional source Menon, K. R. (1926). On the adults of Zoanthella and Zoanthina. Records of the Indian Museum (A Journal of Indian Zoology), 28, 61-64
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additional source Moore, R. E.; Scheuer, P. J. (1971). Palytoxin: a new marine toxin from a coelenterate. Science, 172, 495-497
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additional source Muirhead, A. M.; Ryland, J. S. (1984). Order Zoanthidea. Australian Coral Reef Society. Brisbane., edition 2nd, pp. 29-33
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additional source Muirhead, A. M.; Ryland, J. S. (1985). A review of the genus Isaurus Gray, 1828 (Zoanthidea), including new records from Fiji. Journal of Natural History, 19, 323-335
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additional source Pax, F.; Mueller, I. (1957). Zoantharien des zoologischen museums in Genua. Annali del Museu Civico di Storia Naturali 'Giacomo Doria', 69, 19-30
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additional source Pax, F. (1934). Anthozoa (Teil I. Allgemeines, Ceriantharia, Antipatharia, Zoantharia, Madreporaria). Tierwelt der Nord- und Ostee, 26, 39-53
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additional source Pax, F.; Mueller, I. (1956). Zoanthaires de la Mer Rouge. Recueillis par le vaisseau d'exploration "Calypso" en 1952. Annales de l'Institute Oceanographique, 32, 3-17
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additional source Pax, F.; Lochter, H. (1935). Epizoanthus vatovai, eine neue Carcinoecien bildende Krustenanemone der Adria. Note dell'Instituto Italo-Germanico di biologia marina di Rovigno d'Istria, 1, 3-16
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additional source Seifert, R. (1928). Die Nesselkapseln der Zoantharien und ihre differentialdiagnostische Bedeutung. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere, 55, 419-500
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additional source Walsh, G. E. (1967). An Annotated Bibliography of the Families Zoanthidae, Epizoanthidae, and Parazoanthidae (Coelenterata, Zoantharia). Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology. Honolulu., pp. 77.
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additional source Gleibs, S.; Mebs, D.; Werding, B. (1995). Studies on the origin and distribution of palytoxin in a Caribbean coral reef. Toxicon, 33(11): 1531-1537
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additional source Nielsen, C. (1984). Notes on a Zoanthina-larva (Cnidaria) from Phuket, Thailand. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening (Copenhagen), 145, 53-60
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additional source Ryland, J. S. (1997). Reproduction in Zoanthidea (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia). Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 31(1-3): 177-188
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additional source Roule, L. (1900). Description d'une nouvelle espèce Méditerranéenne de zoanthidé, commensale des pagures (Palythoa-Gemmaria-Paguricola). Bulletin de la Societé Zoologique de France, 25, 120-125
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additional source Ryland, J. S. (1997). Budding in Acrozoanthus Saville-Kent, 1893 (Anthozoa: Zoanthidea). Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Coelenterate Biology, 423-428
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additional source Ryland, J. S. (1981). Reefs of southwest Viti Levu and their tourism potential. Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, 1, 293-298
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additional source Ryland, J. S. (1981). Introduction to the coral reefs of Fiji. South Pacific Journal of Natural Science, 2, 44-51
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additional source Ryland, J. S.; Muirhead, A. M. (1983). Fringing reefs in southwest Viti Levu, with special reference to Zoanthidea. Bulletin of Marine Science, 33(3): 783-784
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additional source Haddon, A. C. (1886). First report on the marine fauna of the south-west of Ireland. Actinozoa. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 4, 2, 5, 615-618
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additional source Allen, G. R.; Steene, R. (1994). Indo-Pacific Coral Reef Field Guide. Tropical Reef Research. Singapore., edition 1st, pp. 378.
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additional source Duerden, J. E. (1896). Zoanthidæ at Port Henderson. Journal of the Institute of Jamaica, 2(3): 285-287
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additional source Fosså, S. A.; Nilsen, A. J. (1995). Korallenriff-Aquarium, 4. Nesseltiere in Korallenriff und für das Korallenriff-Aquarium. Birgit Schmettkamp Verlag. Bornheim, Germany., edition 1st, volume 4, pp. 447.
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additional source Duerden, J. E. (1898). The geographical distribution of the Actiniaria of Jamaica. Natural Science, 12(72): 100-105
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additional source Maragos, J. E.; Molina, M.; Kenyon, J. (2004). Palmyra Atoll coral data compiled from Townsend Cromwell 2000-2002, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2000-2001, and Sette 2004 surveys [Table 8]. UNPUBLISHED, UNPUBLISHED [details]   

additional source Maragos, J. E.; Schmerfeld, J. (2004). Coral survey from Howland Island National Wildlife Refuge, 1998-2004 [Table 3]. UNPUBLISHED, Unpublished
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additional source Maragos, J. E.; VanRavenswaay, D.; Gulko, D. (2004). French Frigate Shoals coral data compiled from Townsend Cromwell 2000-2, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Rapture 2000 and 2002, and 2003 Sette surveys [Table 1]. UNPUBLISHED, Unpublished
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additional source Castro, C. B.; Echeverría, C. A.; Pires, D. de Oliveira; Mascarenhas, B. J. de A.; Freitas, S. G. (1995). Distribuição de Cnidaria e echinodermata no infralitoral de costões rochosos de arraial do cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia (Rio de Janeiro), 55(3): 471-480
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additional source Echeverría, C. A.; Pires, D. de Oliveira; Medeiros, M. S.; Castro, C. B. (1997). Cnidarians of the Atol das Rocas, Brazil. Proceedings of the Eighth International Coral Reef Symposium, 1, 443-446
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additional source Castro, C. B.; Echeverría, C. A.; Pires, D. de Oliveira; Fonseca, C. G. (1999). Distribuição do bentos (Cnidaria e Echinodermata) em costões rochosos da Baía da Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. PPGE-UFRJ. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil., volume VII, pp. 179-193
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additional source Morton, J. E. (1974). The coral reefs of the British Solomon Islands: a comparative study of their composition and ecology. Proceedings of the Second International Coral Reef Symposium, 1, 31-53
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additional source Larson, K. S.; Larson, R. J. (1982). On the ecology of Isaurus duchassaingi (Andres) (Cnidaria: Zoanthidea) from South Water Cay, Belize. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 12, 475-488
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additional source Müller, G. (1883). Zur Morphologie der Scheidewände bei einigen Palythoa und Zoanthus. Marburg., pp. 44.
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additional source Babcock, R. C.; Ryland, J. S. (1990). Larval development of a tropical zoanthid (Protopalythoa sp.). Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 17, 3, 229-236
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additional source Laborel, J. (1970). Les peuplements de madréporaires des côtes tropicales du Brésil. Annales de l'Université d'Abidjan, 2, E, (3): 7-261
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additional source Hoffmann, K.; Hermanns-Clausen, M.; Buhl, C.; Büchler, M. W.; Schemmer, P.; Mebs, D.; Kauferstein, S. (2008). A case of palytoxin poisoning due to contact with zoanthid corals through a skin injury. Toxicon, 51, 1535-1537
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additional source Hirose, M.; Obuchi, M.; Hirose, E.; Reimer, J. D. (2011). Timing of spawning and early development of Palythoa tuberculosa (Anthozoa, Zoantharia, Sphenopidae) in Okinawa, Japan. Biological Bulletin, 220(23-31): 23-31
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additional source Corrêa, D. D. (1964). Corallimorpharia e Actiniaria do Atlantico Oeste Tropical. Universidade de São Paulo (Dissertation). São Paulo., pp. 139.
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additional source Amaral, F. D.; Ramos, C. A. C.; Leão, Z. M. A. N.; Kikuchi, R. K. P.; Lima, K. K. M.; Longo, L.; Cordeiro, R. T. S.; Lira, S. M. A.; Vasconcelos, S. L. (2009). Checklist and morphometry of benthic cnidarians from the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 50, 277-290
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additional source Pires, D. de Oliveira; Castro, C. B.; Migotto, Á. E.; Marques, A. C. (1992). Cnidários bentônicos do Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha, Brasil. Boletim do Museu Nacional (Rio de Janeiro), N.S., (354): 1-21
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additional source Dunn, D. F. (1982). Cnidaria. McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York and other cities., volume 1, pp. 669-706
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additional source Henríquez H., Y. A.; Palacios C., M. E. (2008). Distribución de antozoo Stichodactyla helianthus en un arrecife franjeante de Isla Larga, Parque Nacional San Esteban, Estado Carabobo, Venezuela. FARAUTE Ciencias y Tecnología, 3(1): 5-16
page(s): 5, 13 [details]   
 
 Present  Inaccurate  Introduced: alien  Containing type locality 
Nontype USNM 210851, geounit French Polynesian Exclusive Economic Zone [details]
LanguageName 
English pavement coral  [details]
To European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) (from synonym Protopalythoa Verrill, 1900)
To European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) 
To Genbank 
To Genbank (from synonym Protopalythoa Verrill, 1900)
To ITIS

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