WoRMS taxon details

Alexandrium leei Balech, 1985

109710  (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:109710)

accepted
Species
marine
Not documented
Note Korea  
From regional or thematic species database
Type locality Korea [details]
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:52019  
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:52019 [details]

Description This species is rather large and does not form chains. The epitheca is very regularly conic-convex, somewhat shorter than...  
Description This species is rather large and does not form chains. The epitheca is very regularly conic-convex, somewhat shorter than the hypotheca. The hypotheca is also conic-convex but has a slight antapical indentation that is asymmetric and sloping and delimits a lobule on the left. This left lobule is obtuse and large. The right lobule is short and almost indistinguishable. If the theca is positioned obliquely with the epitheca slightly lifted, this posterior lobulation is more apparent. The cingulum is descending (usually >1, up to 1.5) and is concave but not very deep. It is clearly delimited by flanges but lacks true lists. A thin membrane (""curtain fin"" of Kofoid), extending between the anterior and posterior margins, covers the cingulum. The sulcus is rather short and not very deep. Sulcal margins are reinforced. Where the S.s.a. is located, the left sulcal margin is displaced to the left. In lateral view, the theca shows a slight dorsoventral flattening and the longitudinal axis clearly slopes ventrally from the anterior part. Because of their peculiar characteristics, two epithecal plates are important: PO and 1'. The PO, which slightly alters the regularity of the epithecal vertex, is long and rather narrow. Its margin is very marked and perforated by some very small and irregularly distributed pores. A notch almost always abruptly interrupts the right margin at its midpoint. Sometimes, however, a true notch is not formed and only a deviation of the external margin is seen. The central aperture has a very long comma shape. The callus is rather short but very strong. The canopy is very narrow, almost lanceolate. Sometimes the middle of the plate shows some twist to the right. The 1' is rather wide and usually connected with the PO. The posterior third or fourth portion of the anterior right margin slants more obliquely to the right. A ventral pore does not occur at the point where the slant begins, but a groove connects the margin with the pore. The small to medium-sized pore is circular to elliptic. It is surrounded by a barely conspicuous reinforcement and is always located more or less far from the plate margin. The shortest distance between the pore and the margin is shown in PI. IV, fig. 27 (center). The posterior right margin is relatively long. The plate posterior is truncated; the anterior is also usually truncated. The 2' and 4' plates are rather wide. The 3' has the usual hexagonal shape and is almost symmetrical. In the precingular series, 6"" is of medium width. In the hypotheca, the most interesting feature is the large size of the two antapical plates. 1"""" is wide and has a reinforced internal margin with almost no lists (in some specimens, a rudimentary list can be detected along the margin's midpoint). This margin is somewhat sinuous, concave in its middle part and somewhat convex at both extremes. 2"""" is large. Its dorsoventral axis is as long or longer than the transversal axis. 1'' is wide , with its internal and posterior margins fully oblique. There are no lists on this plate or the opposite plate, 5'''. In the sulcus, the S.a. is somewhat longer than wide. The unciform apophysis is scantly curved. In situ and without crushing the plate, the unciform apophysis looks thin, but it is prolonged inward as a flat surface. The anterior margin is more or less straight. The S.p. is rather short and wider than long. Its longitudinal axis is somewhat oblique to the right. Its anterior margin has irregularities and sunuosities. Both edges of this margin form projections that are more or less pointed; the wide middle portion is shorter than either end and may be pointed or rounded. Minor irregularities in the margin may occur. This place lacks a connecting pore. To fit against the anterior margin of the S.p., the posterior margin of each posterior lateral plate has either a convexity or a centric or eccentric angle, rather variable among specimens. The small anterior margin of the S.d.p. slopes and is thickened [details]
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2024). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Alexandrium leei Balech, 1985. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109710 on 2024-03-19
Date
action
by
2004-12-21 15:54:05Z
created
2015-06-26 12:00:51Z
changed

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context source (Introduced species) Katsanevakis, S.; Bogucarskis, K.; Gatto, F.; Vandekerkhove, J.; Deriu, I.; Cardoso A.S. (2012). Building the European Alien Species Information Network (EASIN): a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data. <em>BioInvasions Records.</em> 1: 235-245., available online at http://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu [details]  Available for editors  PDF available [request] 

basis of record Gómez, F. (2005). A list of free-living dinoflagellate species in the world's oceans. <em>Acta Bot. Croat.</em> 64(1): 129-212. [details]  OpenAccess publication 

additional source Streftaris, N., A. Zenetos & E. Papathanassiou. (2005). Globalisation in marine ecosystems: the story of non-indigenous marine species across European seas. <em>Oceanogry and Marine Biology: an Annual Review.</em> 43: 419-453. (look up in IMIS[details]  Available for editors  PDF available [request] 

additional source Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. <em>China Science Press.</em> 1267 pp. (look up in IMIS[details]  Available for editors  PDF available [request] 

additional source Kim, K.-Y.; Yoshida, M.; Kim, C.-H. (2005). Molecular phylogeny of three hitherto unreported <i>Alexandrium</i> species:<i>Alexandrium hiranoi, Alexandrium leei</i> and <i>Alexandrium satoanum</i> (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae) inferred from the 18S and 26S rDNA sequence data. <em>Phycologia.</em> 44(4): 361-368., available online at https://doi.org/10.2216/0031-8884(2005)44[361:mpothu]2.0.co;2 [details]   

additional source Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2023). AlgaeBase. <em>World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway.</em> searched on YYYY-MM-DD., available online at http://www.algaebase.org [details]   

additional source Tomas, C.R. (Ed.). (1997). Identifying marine phytoplankton. Academic Press: San Diego, CA [etc.] (USA). ISBN 0-12-693018-X. XV, 858 pp., available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780126930184 [details]   

additional source Brandt, S. (2001). Dinoflagellates, <B><I>in</I></B>: Costello, M.J. <i>et al.</i> (Ed.) (2001). <i>European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels,</i> 50: pp. 47-53 (look up in IMIS[details]   

toxicology source Nguyen-Ngoc, L. (2004). An autecological study of the potentially toxic dinoflagellate <i>Alexandrium affine</i> isolated from Vietnamese waters. <em>Harmful Algae.</em> 3: 117-129. [details]   
 
 Present  Present in aphia/obis/gbif/idigbio   Inaccurate  Introduced: alien  Containing type locality 
   

From editor or global species database
LSID urn:lsid:algaebase.org:taxname:52019 [details]

From regional or thematic species database
Description This species is rather large and does not form chains. The epitheca is very regularly conic-convex, somewhat shorter than the hypotheca. The hypotheca is also conic-convex but has a slight antapical indentation that is asymmetric and sloping and delimits a lobule on the left. This left lobule is obtuse and large. The right lobule is short and almost indistinguishable. If the theca is positioned obliquely with the epitheca slightly lifted, this posterior lobulation is more apparent. The cingulum is descending (usually >1, up to 1.5) and is concave but not very deep. It is clearly delimited by flanges but lacks true lists. A thin membrane (""curtain fin"" of Kofoid), extending between the anterior and posterior margins, covers the cingulum. The sulcus is rather short and not very deep. Sulcal margins are reinforced. Where the S.s.a. is located, the left sulcal margin is displaced to the left. In lateral view, the theca shows a slight dorsoventral flattening and the longitudinal axis clearly slopes ventrally from the anterior part. Because of their peculiar characteristics, two epithecal plates are important: PO and 1'. The PO, which slightly alters the regularity of the epithecal vertex, is long and rather narrow. Its margin is very marked and perforated by some very small and irregularly distributed pores. A notch almost always abruptly interrupts the right margin at its midpoint. Sometimes, however, a true notch is not formed and only a deviation of the external margin is seen. The central aperture has a very long comma shape. The callus is rather short but very strong. The canopy is very narrow, almost lanceolate. Sometimes the middle of the plate shows some twist to the right. The 1' is rather wide and usually connected with the PO. The posterior third or fourth portion of the anterior right margin slants more obliquely to the right. A ventral pore does not occur at the point where the slant begins, but a groove connects the margin with the pore. The small to medium-sized pore is circular to elliptic. It is surrounded by a barely conspicuous reinforcement and is always located more or less far from the plate margin. The shortest distance between the pore and the margin is shown in PI. IV, fig. 27 (center). The posterior right margin is relatively long. The plate posterior is truncated; the anterior is also usually truncated. The 2' and 4' plates are rather wide. The 3' has the usual hexagonal shape and is almost symmetrical. In the precingular series, 6"" is of medium width. In the hypotheca, the most interesting feature is the large size of the two antapical plates. 1"""" is wide and has a reinforced internal margin with almost no lists (in some specimens, a rudimentary list can be detected along the margin's midpoint). This margin is somewhat sinuous, concave in its middle part and somewhat convex at both extremes. 2"""" is large. Its dorsoventral axis is as long or longer than the transversal axis. 1'' is wide , with its internal and posterior margins fully oblique. There are no lists on this plate or the opposite plate, 5'''. In the sulcus, the S.a. is somewhat longer than wide. The unciform apophysis is scantly curved. In situ and without crushing the plate, the unciform apophysis looks thin, but it is prolonged inward as a flat surface. The anterior margin is more or less straight. The S.p. is rather short and wider than long. Its longitudinal axis is somewhat oblique to the right. Its anterior margin has irregularities and sunuosities. Both edges of this margin form projections that are more or less pointed; the wide middle portion is shorter than either end and may be pointed or rounded. Minor irregularities in the margin may occur. This place lacks a connecting pore. To fit against the anterior margin of the S.p., the posterior margin of each posterior lateral plate has either a convexity or a centric or eccentric angle, rather variable among specimens. The small anterior margin of the S.d.p. slopes and is thickened [details]

Harmful effect This species is usually nontoxic. However,, small amounts of saxitoxin derivatives have been reported from Vietnamese waters (Nguyen-Ngoc 2004). A water-soluble ichthyotoxin has been reported from Singapore (Tang et al. 2007) [details]

Identification This species is part of a group characterized by relatively large size, spheroid or wide ellipsoid shapes, and no angularities. Some species within this group have a very narrow and oblique 1' and a large ventral pore. They are similar to the ostenfeldii group as represented by A. ostenfeldii. However, the present species is well-differentiated from the ostenfeldii group by having a wider 1' and a smaller ventral pore. Because of these two features, it is closer to A. kutnerae, which may also have this pore located somewhat far from the margin. However, it differs from A. kutnerae by its lack of sulcal lists, the shape of 1''', its characterisitic left posterior lobule, its Po, and all of its sulcal plates, especially the S.a. Additionally, the S.s.a. is different from all its congenera. [details]

Introduced species vector dispersal in Dutch part of the North Sea : Fisheries: accidental with deliberate translocations of fish or shellfish [details]

Introduced species vector dispersal in Dutch part of the North Sea : Shipping [details]

Type locality Korea [details]

Verified sequences Strain JHW0006-2 (Kim et al. 2005):
SSU rDNA AY641565
LSU rDNA AY438019 [details]