WoRMS source details
Carbayo, F.; Álvarez-Presas, M.; Olivares, C. T.; Marques, F. P. L.; Froehlich, E. M.; Riutort, M. (2013). Molecular phylogeny of Geoplaninae (Platyhelminthes) challenges current classification: proposal of taxonomic actions. Zoologica Scripta. 42(5): 508-528.
235757
10.1111/zsc.12019 [view]
Carbayo, F.; Álvarez-Presas, M.; Olivares, C. T.; Marques, F. P. L.; Froehlich, E. M.; Riutort, M.
2013
Molecular phylogeny of Geoplaninae (Platyhelminthes) challenges current classification: proposal of taxonomic actions
Zoologica Scripta
42(5): 508-528
Publication
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Despite likely being the most diverse group within the Tricladida, the systematics of land planarians (Geoplanidae) has received minor attention. The most species-rich ingroup, the subfamily Geoplaninae, is restricted to the Neotropics. The systematics of Geoplaninae remains uncertain. Unique features supporting the genera are scanty; moreover, parts of the known species have been poorly described, making comparative studies difficult. Likewise the evolutionary relationships among land planarians remain insufficiently understood. In the present study, a phylogenetic hypothesis for selected taxa of Geoplaninae based on the molecular data is presented and discussed in the light of morphological features. Our phylogenetic inference is based on the fragments of three nuclear regions (18S, 28S rDNA and EF-1a) and a mitochondrial marker (cytochrome oxidase I) for which we considered three optimality criteria (parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference). Although our data provide little support for most basal nodes, our phylogenetic trees show a number of well-supported clades, unveiling morphologically homogeneous groups. According to these results, we propose to separate Geoplana into Barreirana (formerly considered a subgenus), Cratera gen. n., Imbira gen. n., Matuxia gen. n., Obama gen. n. and Paraba gen. n., emend the diagnoses of Barreirana, Geoplana, Notogynaphallia, Pasipha and Xerapoa and review the classification of the species within these genera. For Geoplana goetschi sensu Marcus, (1951), a new name is proposed.
Systematics, Taxonomy
Barreirana barreirana (Riester, 1938) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Barreirana zebroides (Riester, 1938) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Cephaloflexa nataliae (Froehlich, 1959) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Choeradoplana albonigra (Riester, 1938) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Cratera Carbayo, Alvarez-Presas, Olivares, Marques, Froehlich & Riutort, 2013 (original description)
Cratera crioula (Froehlich, 1955) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Cratera joia (Froehlich, 1956) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Cratera pseudovaginuloides (Riester, 1938) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Cratera tamoia (Froehlich, 1955) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Geoplana Müller, 1856 (taxonomy source)
Geoplana (Geoplana) apeva Froehlich, 1959 accepted as Obama apeva (Froehlich, 1959) Carbayo et al., 2013 (source of synonymy)
Geoplana (Geoplana) arpi Schirch, 1929 accepted as Pseudogeoplana arpi (Schirch, 1929) Carbayo et al., 2013 (source of synonymy)
Geoplana (Geoplana) blaseri Schirch, 1929 accepted as Pseudogeoplana blaseri (Schirch, 1929) Carbayo et al., 2013 (source of synonymy)
Geoplana (Geoplana) bresslaui Schirch, 1929 accepted as Pseudogeoplana bresslaui (Schirch, 1929) Carbayo et al., 2013 (source of synonymy)
Geoplana pulchella Müller, 1856 (taxonomy source)
Geoplana toriba Froehlich, 1957 (additional source)
Imbira Carbayo, Alvarez-Presas, Olivares, Marques, Froehlich & Riutort, 2013 (original description)
Imbira guaiana (Leal-Zanchet & Carbayo, 2001) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Imbira marcusi Carbayo et al., 2013 (original description)
Luteostriata arturi (Lemos & Leal-Zanchet, 2008) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Luteostriata pseudoceciliae (Lemos & Leal-Zanchet, 2008) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Matuxia Carbayo, Alvarez-Presas, Olivares, Marques, Froehlich & Riutort, 2013 (original description)
Matuxia matuta (Froehlich, 1955) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Matuxia tuxaua (Froehlich, 1955) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Notogynaphallia biseminalis (Riester, 1938) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama Carbayo, Alvarez-Presas, Olivares, Marques, Froehlich & Riutort, 2013 (original description)
Obama apeva (Froehlich, 1959) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama applanata (Graff, 1899) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama argus (Graff, 1899) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama assu (Froehlich, 1959) Carbayo et al. (2013) (new combination reference)
Obama baptistae (Leal-Zanchet & Oliveira, 2012) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama braunsi (Graff, 1899) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama burmeisteri (Schultze, 1856) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama carbayoi (Oliveira & Leal-Zanchet, 2012) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama carinata (Riester, 1938) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama carrierei (Graff, 1897) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama catharina (Hyman, 1957) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama dictyonota (Riester, 1938) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama divae (Marcus, 1951) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama eudoxia (Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1990) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama eudoximariae (Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1990) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama evelinae (Marcus, 1951) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama ferussaci (Graff, 1899) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama ficki (Amaral & Leal-Zanchet, 2012) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama fryi (Graff, 1899) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama glieschi (Froehlich, 1959) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama itatiayana (Schirch, 1929) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama josefi (Carbayo & Leal-Zanchet, 2001) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama ladislavii (Graff, 1899) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama livia (Froehlich, 1954) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama marmorata (Müller, 1856) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama metzi (Graff, 1899) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama poca (Froehlich, 1957) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama polyophthalma (Graff, 1899) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama riesteri (Froehlich, 1954) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama rufiventris (Müller, 1856) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama ruiva (Froehlich, 1972) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama schubarti (Froehlich, 1957) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama trigueira (Froehlich, 1954) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba Carbayo, Alvarez-Presas, Olivares, Marques, Froehlich & Riutort, 2013 (original description)
Paraba caapora (Froehlich, 1957) Carbayo et al, 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba cassula (Froehlich, 1955) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba franciscana (Leal-Zanchet & Carbayo, 2001) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba gaucha (Froehlich, 1959) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba goettei (Schirch, 1929) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba incognita (Riester, 1938) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba multicolor (Graff, 1899) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba piriana (Almeida & Carbayo, 2012) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba preta (Riester, 1938) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba rubidolineata (Baptista & Leal-Zanchet, 2005) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba suva (Froehlich, 1959) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba tapira (Froehlich, 1957) Carbayo et al, 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba tingauna (Kishimoto & Carbayo, 2012) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Pasipha chilensis (Graff, 1899) Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1990 (taxonomy source)
Pasipha diminutiva (Hyman, 1955) Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1990 (taxonomy source)
Pseudogeoplana arpi (Schirch, 1929) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Pseudogeoplana blaseri (Schirch, 1929) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Pseudogeoplana bresslaui (Schirch, 1929) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Pseudogeoplana elegans (Darwin, 1844) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Xerapoa pseudorhynchodemus (Riester, 1938) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Xerapoa trina (Marcus, 1951) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Barreirana zebroides (Riester, 1938) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Cephaloflexa nataliae (Froehlich, 1959) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Choeradoplana albonigra (Riester, 1938) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Cratera Carbayo, Alvarez-Presas, Olivares, Marques, Froehlich & Riutort, 2013 (original description)
Cratera crioula (Froehlich, 1955) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Cratera joia (Froehlich, 1956) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Cratera pseudovaginuloides (Riester, 1938) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Cratera tamoia (Froehlich, 1955) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Geoplana Müller, 1856 (taxonomy source)
Geoplana (Geoplana) apeva Froehlich, 1959 accepted as Obama apeva (Froehlich, 1959) Carbayo et al., 2013 (source of synonymy)
Geoplana (Geoplana) arpi Schirch, 1929 accepted as Pseudogeoplana arpi (Schirch, 1929) Carbayo et al., 2013 (source of synonymy)
Geoplana (Geoplana) blaseri Schirch, 1929 accepted as Pseudogeoplana blaseri (Schirch, 1929) Carbayo et al., 2013 (source of synonymy)
Geoplana (Geoplana) bresslaui Schirch, 1929 accepted as Pseudogeoplana bresslaui (Schirch, 1929) Carbayo et al., 2013 (source of synonymy)
Geoplana pulchella Müller, 1856 (taxonomy source)
Geoplana toriba Froehlich, 1957 (additional source)
Imbira Carbayo, Alvarez-Presas, Olivares, Marques, Froehlich & Riutort, 2013 (original description)
Imbira guaiana (Leal-Zanchet & Carbayo, 2001) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Imbira marcusi Carbayo et al., 2013 (original description)
Luteostriata arturi (Lemos & Leal-Zanchet, 2008) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Luteostriata pseudoceciliae (Lemos & Leal-Zanchet, 2008) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Matuxia Carbayo, Alvarez-Presas, Olivares, Marques, Froehlich & Riutort, 2013 (original description)
Matuxia matuta (Froehlich, 1955) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Matuxia tuxaua (Froehlich, 1955) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Notogynaphallia biseminalis (Riester, 1938) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama Carbayo, Alvarez-Presas, Olivares, Marques, Froehlich & Riutort, 2013 (original description)
Obama apeva (Froehlich, 1959) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama applanata (Graff, 1899) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama argus (Graff, 1899) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama assu (Froehlich, 1959) Carbayo et al. (2013) (new combination reference)
Obama baptistae (Leal-Zanchet & Oliveira, 2012) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama braunsi (Graff, 1899) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama burmeisteri (Schultze, 1856) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama carbayoi (Oliveira & Leal-Zanchet, 2012) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama carinata (Riester, 1938) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama carrierei (Graff, 1897) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama catharina (Hyman, 1957) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama dictyonota (Riester, 1938) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama divae (Marcus, 1951) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama eudoxia (Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1990) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama eudoximariae (Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1990) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama evelinae (Marcus, 1951) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama ferussaci (Graff, 1899) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama ficki (Amaral & Leal-Zanchet, 2012) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama fryi (Graff, 1899) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama glieschi (Froehlich, 1959) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama itatiayana (Schirch, 1929) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama josefi (Carbayo & Leal-Zanchet, 2001) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama ladislavii (Graff, 1899) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama livia (Froehlich, 1954) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama marmorata (Müller, 1856) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama metzi (Graff, 1899) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama poca (Froehlich, 1957) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama polyophthalma (Graff, 1899) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama riesteri (Froehlich, 1954) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama rufiventris (Müller, 1856) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama ruiva (Froehlich, 1972) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama schubarti (Froehlich, 1957) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Obama trigueira (Froehlich, 1954) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba Carbayo, Alvarez-Presas, Olivares, Marques, Froehlich & Riutort, 2013 (original description)
Paraba caapora (Froehlich, 1957) Carbayo et al, 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba cassula (Froehlich, 1955) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba franciscana (Leal-Zanchet & Carbayo, 2001) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba gaucha (Froehlich, 1959) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba goettei (Schirch, 1929) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba incognita (Riester, 1938) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba multicolor (Graff, 1899) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba piriana (Almeida & Carbayo, 2012) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba preta (Riester, 1938) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba rubidolineata (Baptista & Leal-Zanchet, 2005) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba suva (Froehlich, 1959) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba tapira (Froehlich, 1957) Carbayo et al, 2013 (new combination reference)
Paraba tingauna (Kishimoto & Carbayo, 2012) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Pasipha chilensis (Graff, 1899) Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1990 (taxonomy source)
Pasipha diminutiva (Hyman, 1955) Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1990 (taxonomy source)
Pseudogeoplana arpi (Schirch, 1929) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Pseudogeoplana blaseri (Schirch, 1929) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Pseudogeoplana bresslaui (Schirch, 1929) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Pseudogeoplana elegans (Darwin, 1844) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Xerapoa pseudorhynchodemus (Riester, 1938) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Xerapoa trina (Marcus, 1951) Carbayo et al., 2013 (new combination reference)
Taxonomic remark
For this genus, the taxonomy proposed by Carbayo et al. (2013) is followed [details]
Taxonomic remark
Placement not certain. Carbayo et al. (2013) consider it a species incertae sedis. [details]
Taxonomic remark
Placement not certain. Carbayo et al. (2013) consider it a species incertae sedis. [details]
Taxonomic remark
Placement not certain. Carbayo et al. (2013) consider it a species incertae sedis. [details]
Taxonomic remark
Placement not certain. Carbayo et al. (2013) consider it a species incertae sedis. [details]
Taxonomic remark
Placement not certain. Carbayo et al. (2013) consider it a species incertae sedis. [details]
Taxonomic remark
Placement not certain. Carbayo et al. (2013) consider it a species incertae sedis. [details]
Taxonomic remark
The taxonomy of G. goetschi is rather complicated. For an overview see Ogren & Kawakatsu (1991) & Carbayo et al. (2013) [details]
Taxonomic remark
The taxonomy of this species is rather complicated. For an overview see Ogren & Kawakatsu (1991) and Carbayo (2013). [details]
Taxonomic remark
Carbayo et al. (2013) consider this species incertae sedis, so placement within Notogynaphallia not certain. [details]
Taxonomic remark
Carbayo et al. (2013) consider this species incertae sedis, so placement within Notogynaphallia not certain. [details]
Taxonomic remark
Carbayo et al. (2013) consider this species incertae sedis, so placement within Notogynaphallia not certain. [details]
Taxonomic remark
Carbayo et al. (2013) consider this species incertae sedis, so placement within Notogynaphallia not certain. [details]
Taxonomic remark
According to Carbayo et al. (2013: p. 524), the placement within Pasipha is not sure. Therefore they consider it a ... [details]
Taxonomic remark
Carbayo et al. (2013) considered to be this a species incertae sedis [details]
Taxonomic remark
According to Carbayo et al. (2013: p. 524), the placement within Pasipha is not sure. Therefore they consider it a ... [details]
Taxonomic remark
According to Carbayo et al. (2013: p. 524), the placement within Pasipha is not sure. Therefore they consider it a ... [details]
Taxonomic remark
According to Carbayo et al. (2013: p. 524), the placement within Pasipha is not sure. Therefore they consider it a ... [details]
Taxonomic remark
According to Carbayo et al. (2013: p. 524), the placement within Pasipha is not sure. Therefore they consider it a ... [details]
Taxonomy
Considered to be incertae sedis, but (provisionally) placed in Geoplana by Carbayo et al. (2013) [details]
Taxonomy
The taxonomy of this species is rather complicated. For an overview see Ogren & Kawakatsu (1991) and Carbayo et al. ... [details]
