Harmful effect

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OA found in picked cells from Galicia (7 pg/cell of OA, Raho et al. 2008) and in cultures from Gulf of Texas strains (Fux et al. 2011). Blooms have been associated with DSP outbreaks in Termaikos Bay (Papaefthimiou et al. 2010) and the exceptional 2008 bloom in Texas (Deeds et al. 2010; Swanson et al.2010; Campbell et al. 2010). Dinophysis ovum is often misidentified as D. acuminata. However, strains from Galicia, Greece and Texas were well separated from D. acuminata based on the sequence of the mitochondrial cox 1 gene (Raho et al. 2008).

Raho, N., Pizarro, G., Escalera, L., Reguera, B. & Marín, I. 2008. Morphology, toxin composition and molecular analysis of Dinophysis ovum Schütt, a dinoflagellate of the "Dinophysis acuminata complex". Harmful Algae 7, 839-848

Papaefthimiou, D., Aligizaki, K. & Nikolaidis, G. 2010. Exploring the identity of the Greek Dinophysis cf. acuminata. Harmful Algae 10,1-8.

Swanson, K.M., Flewelling, L.J., Byrd, M., Nunez, A. & Villareal, T.A. 2010. The Texas Dinophysis ovum bloom: distribution and toxicity. Harmful Algae 9, 190-199.

Fux, E., Smith, J.L., Tong, M., Guzmán, L. & Anderson, D.M. 2010. Toxin profiles of five geographical isolates of Dinophysis spp. from North and South America. Toxicon 57, 275-287.

Campbell, L., Olson, R.J., Sosik, H.M., Abraham, A., Henrichs, D.W., Hyatt, C.J. & Buskey, E.J. 2010. First harmful Dinophysis (Dinophyceae, Dinophysiales) bloom in the U.S. is revealed by automated imaging flow cytometry. J. Phycol. 46, 66-75.