Harmful effect

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Gambierdiscus caribaeus produces 44-methylgambierone, but no gambierone (Murray et al. 2019, 2021). It is positive to the Human erythrocyte lysis assay (Holland et al. 2013). Mudge et al. (2023) identified a novel C-CTX analogue, C-CTX5, from Gambierdiscus caribaeus strains from the Caribbean. Metabolism in vitro by fish liver microsomes converted algal C-CTX5 into C-CTX1/2, the dominant CTX in ciguatoxic fish from the Caribbean.

Holland, W.C., Litaker, R.W., Tomas, C.R., Kibler, S.R., Place, A.R., Davenport, E.D. & Tester, P.A. (2013). Differences in the toxicity of six <i>Gambierdiscus</i> (Dinophyceae) species measured using an <i>in vitro</i> human erythrocyte lysis essay. <em>Toxicon 65: 15-33.</em>  

Murray, J. S.; Selwood, A. I.; Harwood, D. T.; Van Ginkel, R.; Puddick, J.; Rhodes, L. L.; Rise, F.; Wilkins, A. L. (2019). 44-Methylgambierone, a new gambierone analogue isolated from Gambierdiscus australes. <em>Tetrahedron Letters.</em> 60(8): 621-625. 

Murray, J. S.; Finch, S. C.; Puddick, J.; Rhodes, L. L.; Harwood, D. T.; Van Ginkel, R.; Prinsep, M. R. (2021). Acute Toxicity of Gambierone and Quantitative Analysis of Gambierones Produced by Cohabitating Benthic Dinoflagellates. <em>Toxins.</em> 13(5): 333.