Harmful effect

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Production of 44-methylgambierone and gambierone has been shown (Mudge et al. 2022). Strains test positive to NCBA (Pisapia et al. 2017). Mudge et al. (2023) identified a novel C-CTX analogue, C-CTX5, from Gambierdiscus silvae strains from the Caribbean. Metabolism in vitro by fish liver microsomes converted algal C-CTX5 into C-CTX1/2, the dominant CTX in ciguatoxic fish from the Caribbean. Furthermore, C-CTX5 from G. silvae was confirmed to have voltage-gated sodium-channel-specific activity.

Pisapia, F.; Holland, W. C.; Hardison, D. R.; Litaker, R. W.; Fraga, S.; Nishimura, T.; Adachi, M.; Nguyen-Ngoc, L.; Séchet, V.; Amzil, Z.; Herrenknecht, C.; Hess, P. (2017). Toxicity screening of 13 Gambierdiscus strains using neuro-2a and erythrocyte lysis bioassays. <em>Harmful Algae.</em> 63: 173-183. 

Mudge, E. M.; Robertson, A.; Leynse, A. K.; McCarron, P.; Miles, C. O. (2022). Selective extraction of gambierone and related metabolites in Gambierdiscus silvae using m-aminophenylboronic acid–agarose gel and liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometric detection. <em>Journal of Chromatography B.</em> 1188: 123014. 

Mudge, E. M.; Miles, C. O.; Ivanova, L.; Uhlig, S.; James, K. S.; Erdner, D. L.; Fæste, C. K.; McCarron, P.; Robertson, A. (2023). Algal ciguatoxin identified as source of ciguatera poisoning in the Caribbean. <em>Chemosphere.</em> 330: 138659.